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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">117481</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD117481</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创性科研成果</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Volumetry versus linear diameter lung nodule measurement: an ultra-low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение измерения линейного размера и объёма лёгочных очагов по данным скрининга рака лёгких с помощью низкодозной компьютерной томографии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>根据通过低剂量计算机断层扫描的肺癌筛查数据对肺部病灶线性尺寸和体积进行的测量比较</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-0294</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4922-1894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suchilova</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сучилова</surname><given-names>Мария Максимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Suchilova</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>m.suchilova@npcmr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2681-9378</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3306-1387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blokhin</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блохин</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Blokhin</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>i.blokhin@npcmr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9924-0204</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6004-2422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshina</surname><given-names>Olga O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алёшина</surname><given-names>Ольга Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Aleshina</surname><given-names>Olga O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>olya.aleshina.tula@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1816-1315</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6810-3279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gombolevskiy</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гомболевский</surname><given-names>Виктор Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gombolevskiy</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med)</p></bio><email>gombolevskiy@npcmr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-0254</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8592-0558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Roman  V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетников</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)</p></bio><email>reshetnikov@fbb.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-2744</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3380-7889</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bosin</surname><given-names>Viktor Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Босин</surname><given-names>Виктор Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bosin</surname><given-names>Viktor Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>bosin@npcmr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-4431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8948-6152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Omelyanskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омелянская</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Omelyanskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>o.omelyanskaya@npcmr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7736</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3602-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladzymyrskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владзимирский</surname><given-names>Антон Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vladzymyrskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Med.)</p></bio><email>a.vladzimirskiy@npcmr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No 13</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственная клиническая больница № 13</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">City Clinical Hospital No 13</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Artificial Intelligence Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт искусственного интеллекта</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Artificial Intelligence Research Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-03-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-13"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/117481">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/117481</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> </italic>The Dutch–Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NELSON) used a volume-based protocol and significantly reduced the prevalence of false-positive results (2.1%).</p> <p><italic><bold>AIM:</bold> </italic>To compare the performance of manual linear diameter and semi-automated volumetric nodule measurement in the pilot project “Moscow Lung Cancer Screening” ultra-low-dose computed tomography pilot study.</p> <p><italic><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> </italic>The study included individuals with a lung nodule of at least 4 mm on baseline-computed tomography of the Moscow lung cancer screening between February 2017 and February 2018, without verified lung cancer diagnosis until 2020. The radiation dose was selected individually and did not exceed 1 mSv. All scans were assessed by three blinded readers to measure the maximum and minimum transversal nodule diameter and extrapolated volume. As a reference value of size and volume, the average value from the results of expert measurements was obtained. A false-positive nodule was defined as a nodule &lt;6 mm/&lt;100 mm<sup>3</sup> and a false-negative nodule as a nodule ≥6 mm/≥100 mm<sup>3</sup>.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic> </bold>Overall, 293 patients were included (166 men; mean age, 64.6 ± 5.3years); 199 lung nodules were &lt;6 mm/&lt;100 mm<sup>3</sup> and 94 were ≥6 mm/≥100 mm<sup>3</sup>. Regarding volumetric measurements, 32 [10.9%; 4 false-positive, 28 false-negative], 29 [9.9%; 17 false-positive, 12 false-negative], and 30 [10.2%; 6 false-positive, 24 false-negative] nodule discrepancies were reported by readers 1, 2, and 3 respectively. For linear diameter measurement, 92 [65.5%; 107 false-positive, 85 false-negative], 146 [49.8%; 58 false-positive, 88 false-negative], and 102 [34.8%; 23 false-positive, 79 false-negative] nodule discrepancies were reported by readers 1, 2, and 3 respectively.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS: </italic></bold>The use of lung nodule volumetry strongly reduces the number of false-positive and false-negative nodules compared with nodule diameter measurements, in an ultra-low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening program.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование.</italic></bold> Согласно результатам голландско-бельгийского исследования скрининга рака лёгких NELSON, измерение объёма (волюметрия) очагов позволяет снизить распространённость ложноположительных результатов до 2,1%.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic> </bold>― сравнение диагностической точности и согласованности результатов ручного измерения линейного размера с полуавтоматическим измерением объёма очагов по данным пилотного проекта «Московский скрининг рака лёгкого» с использованием низкодозной компьютерной томографии.</p> <p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> </italic>В программу скрининга были включены 293 пациента без верифицированного до 2020 года диагноза рака лёгкого, у которых на первичной низкодозной компьютерной томографии, выполненной в период с февраля 2017 по февраль 2018 года, был выявлен очаг в лёгком размером не менее 4 мм. Лучевая нагрузка подбиралась индивидуально и не превышала 1 мЗв. Все изображения низкодозной компьютерной томографии независимо оценивались тремя экспертами для измерения длинной оси очага, а также экстраполированного объёма. В качестве референсного значения размера и объёма брали среднее, полученное по итогам измерений экспертов. Очаг &lt;6 мм/&lt;100 мм<sup>3</sup> признавали ложноположительным результатом, очаг ≥6 мм/≥100 мм<sup>3</sup> ― ложноотрицательным.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>В исследование были включены 293 пациента (166 мужчин; 56%; средний возраст 64,6±5,3 года). Лёгочных очагов &lt;6 мм/&lt;100 мм<sup>3</sup> было 199. Экспертами 1, 2 и 3 при измерении объёма зафиксированы отличия от референсного стандарта по 32 [10,9%; 4 ложноположительных, 28 ложноотрицательных], 29 [9,9%; 17 ложноположительных, 12 ложноотрицательных] и 30 [10,2%; 6 ложноположительных, 24 ложноотрицательных] очагам, а также расхождения при измерении линейного размера по 92 [65,5%; 107 ложноположительных, 85 ложноотрицательных], 146 [49,8%; 58 ложноположительных, 88 ложноотрицательных] и 102 [34,8%; 23 ложноположительных, 79 ложноотрицательных] очагам соответственно.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold> Использование волюметрии лёгочных очагов значительно снижает количество ложноположительных и ложноотрицательных результатов в сравнении с измерением линейного размера очагов в программе скрининга рака лёгких методом низкодозной компьютерной томографии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证。</bold>根据荷兰-比利时NELSON肺癌筛查研究，病灶的体积测量（容量分析法）可以将假阳性结果的发生率降低到2.1%。</p> <p><bold>目的</bold>是根据莫斯科肺癌筛查试点项目的数据通过低剂量计算机断层扫描对人工病灶线性尺寸测量与半自动病灶体积测量的诊断准确性和一致性进行比较。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法。</bold>293名在2020年前没有被核实诊断为肺癌的患者被纳入筛查计划，他们在2017年2月至2018年2月时间内接受了一次低剂量计算机断层扫描，显示肺部结节的大小至少为4毫米。辐射负载是个性化的，不超过1毫西弗。所有低剂量计算机断层扫描图像都由三位专家独立评估，以测量病灶的长轴以及外推体积。从专家测量得到的尺寸和体积的平均值作为参考值。&lt;6毫米/&lt;100毫米<sup>3 </sup>的病灶视为假阳性，≥6毫米/≥100毫米3 的病灶视为假阴性。</p> <p><bold>结果。</bold>293名患者（166名男性；56%；平均年龄为64.6±5.3岁）被纳入研究。共有199个&lt;6毫米/&lt;100毫米3 的肺部病灶。专家1、2和3分别记录了32个[10.9%；4个假阳性，28个假阴性]、29个[9.9%；17个假阳性，12个假阴性]和30个[10.2%。6个假阳性，24个假阴性]的病灶的体积测量与参考标准的差异，以及分别记录了92个[65.5%；107个假阳性，85个假阴性]、146个[49.8%；58个假阳性，88个假阴性]和102个[34.8%；23个假阳性，79个假阴性]病灶的线性尺寸测量与参考标准的差异。</p> <p><bold>结论。</bold>在低剂量计算机断层扫描肺癌筛查项目中，与病灶的线性大小的测量相比，使用肺部病灶的容积测定法可显著减少假阳性和假阴性结果的数量。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tomography X-Ray compute</kwd><kwd>early detection of cancer</kwd><kwd>lung neoplasms</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>компьютерная томография</kwd><kwd>скрининг рака лёгкого</kwd><kwd>лёгочные узлы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>计算机断层扫描</kwd><kwd>肺癌筛查</kwd><kwd>肺部结节</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This paper was prepared by a group of authors as part of the research work (USIS No. 123031400009-1) in accordance with the Order issued by the Moscow Health Care Department No. 1196 dated December 21, 2022.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная статья подготовлена авторским коллективом в рамках научно-исследовательской работы (№ ЕГИСУ: 123031400009-1) в соответствии с Приказом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы от 21.12.2022 г. № 1196.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, et al. 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