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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">375327</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD375327</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Technical Reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Технические отчеты</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>技术说明</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Problems of personnel irradiation in modern medical technologies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы облучения персонала в современных медицинских технологиях</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>使用现代医疗技术时医务人员受到辐射的问题</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-353X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5955-5712</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhkin</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжкин</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ryzhkin</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rsa777@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-3722</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1973-2848</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzhinina</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дружинина</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Druzhinina</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>druzhininaYV2@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-9610</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5486-6496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lantukh</surname><given-names>Zoya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лантух</surname><given-names>Зоя Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lantukh</surname><given-names>Zoya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>LantukhZA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-0746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4065-6048</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>Ilya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатов</surname><given-names>Илья Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>Ilya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>SoldatovIV2@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-0649</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5483-3113</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lesnyak</surname><given-names>Viktor N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лесняк</surname><given-names>Виктор Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lesnyak</surname><given-names>Viktor N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Iesnyak_kb83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-3127</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4770-5722</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>Dmitry P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Петрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>Dmitry P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lebedevdp@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-2006</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3340-2715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samochatov</surname><given-names>Denis N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самочатов</surname><given-names>Денис Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Samochatov</surname><given-names>Denis N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dnsamochatov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-0415</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7205-0062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Maria  P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Мария Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Maria  P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mps-fmbc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-0108</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhov</surname><given-names>Vitaliy А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухов</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sukhov</surname><given-names>Vitaliy А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>cyxowv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8282-1798</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8712-2710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Okhrimenko</surname><given-names>Sergey E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Охрименко</surname><given-names>Сергей Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Okhrimenko</surname><given-names>Sergey E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ooniii@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital No. 67 named after L.A. Vorokhobov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 67 имени Л.А. Ворохобова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">City Clinical Hospital No. 67 named after L.A. Vorokhobov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center ― Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации ― Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">State Research Center ― Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-07-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>155</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-03"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-25"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/375327">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/375327</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The widespread use of radiation sources in medical practice (cardio-endovascular surgery, endoscopy, traumatology, urology, neurosurgery, dentistry, and radioisotope diagnostics departments) leads to irradiation of the lens of the eye and the skin of the hands. The introduction of new recommendations by the IAEA to reduce the limit of the annual equivalent dose to the lens (20 mSv) has led to an inaccurate dose assessment based on the effective dose.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> To analyze approaches and assess equivalent doses of irradiation of the lens of the eye and skin of the hands of medical personnel during various diagnostic studies under the influence of X-rays and radiopharmaceuticals studies and to compare the results obtained with previously published data.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Thermo-luminescent dosimetry was used. Dose assessment was performed by cardio-endovascular surgery, endoscopy, isotope diagnostics, dentistry, and urology personnel.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>The estimated annual equivalent doses to the lens of the eye for doctors of cardio-endovascular surgery departments, in most cases, ranging 35–90 mSv, 6–19 mSv for the average medical staff (in some cases, the doctor [≤225 mSv] and the nurse [≤180 mSv]) and 4.5–9 mSv for the staff of the department of radioisotope diagnostics. The annual calculated equivalent doses to the skin of the hands for cardio-endovascular surgery personnel were 17–100 and 24–220 mSv for the staff working with radiopharmaceuticals. It is shown that the use of an estimate of the average dose per operation by cardio-endovascular surgery doctors, as a rule, inevitably leads to an excess of the equivalent dose to the lens of the eye after a certain number of operations.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>When a certain number of operations are exceeded (100–200), equivalent doses to the eye’s lens in cardio-endovascular surgery doctors above 20 mSv per year can be formed. At current radiation levels, a lesion of the eye’s lens was found in a cardio-endovascular surgery doctor. The results indicate the need for further dosimetric measurements and epidemiological studies, based on which recommendations for radiation protection of the eye’s lens and the skin of the hands of medical personnel working in low-intensity, scattered, gamma X-ray radiation can be developed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Широкое применение источников ионизирующего излучения в медицинской практике (кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии, эндоскопии, травматологии, урологии, нейрохирургии, стоматологии, отделениях радиоизотопной диагностики) приводит к облучению хрусталика глаза и кожи рук рассеянным излучением низкой интенсивности. Введение МАГАТЭ новых рекомендаций по снижению предела годовой эквивалентной дозы на хрусталик (20 мЗв) привело к тому, что оценка дозы по хрусталику на основе эффективной дозы стала некорректной.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> ― анализ подходов и оценка эквивалентных доз облучения хрусталика глаза и кожи рук медицинского персонала при проведении различных диагностических исследований под воздействием рентгеновского излучения и гамма-изучения радиофармпрепарата, а также сравнение полученных результатов с ранее опубликованными данными.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Применялся метод термолюминесцентной дозиметрии. Оценка доз проводилась у персонала кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии, эндоскопии, изотопной диагностики, стоматологии, урологии.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>. </italic>Расчётные годовые эквивалентные дозы на хрусталик глаза у врачей отделений кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии находились в диапазоне от 35 до 90 мЗв, среднего медицинского персонала ― от 6 до 19 мЗв (в отдельных случаях у врача ― до 225 мЗв, у медицинской сестры ― до 180 мЗв); персонала отделения радиоизотопной диагностики ― от 4,5 до 9 мЗв. Годовые расчётные эквивалентные дозы на кожу рук у персонала кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии составили от 17 до 100 мЗв, а при работе с радиофармпрепаратами ― от 24 до 220 мЗв. Показано, что использование оценки усреднённой дозы за одну операцию у врачей кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии, как правило, неизбежно приводит к превышению эквивалентной дозы на хрусталик глаза через определённое количество операций.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> При превышении определённого количества операций (от 100 до 200) у врачей кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии могут формироваться эквивалентные дозы на хрусталик глаза более 20 мЗв в год. Установлено поражение хрусталика глаза при существующих уровнях облучения у врача кардиоэндоваскулярной хирургии. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости дальнейших дозиметрических измерений и эпидемиологических исследований, на основании которых могут быть разработаны рекомендации по радиационной защите хрусталика глаза и кожи рук медицинского персонала, осуществляющего работу в поле рассеянного, гамма- и рентгеновского излучения низкой интенсивности.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证</bold>。电离辐射源在医疗实践（心血管内外科、内窥镜检查、创伤科、泌尿科、神经外科、牙科、放射性同位素诊断部门）中的广泛使用导致眼球晶状体和手部皮肤受到低强度散射辐射。国际原子能机构引入的关于减少晶状体的年度等效剂量限制（20毫西弗）的新建议导致基于有效剂量的晶状体剂量评估是不正确的。</p> <p><bold>该研究的目的</bold>是分析方法和评估医务人员在X射线辐射和放射性药物的伽马射线影响下进行各种诊断检查时眼球晶状体和手部皮肤的等效辐射剂量，并对所得结果与以前公布的数据进行比较。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法</bold>。采用了热释光剂量测定法。评估了心血管内外科、内窥镜、同位素诊断、牙科和泌尿科人员的剂量。</p> <p><bold>结果</bold>。心血管外科医生眼球晶状体的计算年度等效剂量为35至90毫西弗，护理人员的为6至19毫西弗（在某些情况下，医生的高达225毫西弗，护士的高达180毫西弗），放射性同位素诊断部门人员的为4.5至9毫西弗。心血管内外科人员手部皮肤的计算年度等效剂量为17至100毫西弗，而在使用放射性药物的工作中，则为24至220毫西弗。事实证明，使用心脑血管外科医生每次手术时的平均剂量估算，通常不可避免地会在一定数量的手术后导致晶状体的超标等效剂量。</p> <p><bold>结论</bold>。超过一定数量的手术（100至200），心血管内外科医生每年接受的眼球晶状体的等效剂量可能超过20毫西弗。在现有辐射水平下，心血管内外科医生眼球晶状体的病变已经是确定的。所得结果证明，有必要进行进一步的剂量测定和流行病学调查，在此基础上可以制定在散射、伽马和X射线的低强度辐射影响下工作的医务人员的眼球晶状体和手部皮肤的辐射防护建议。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>annual equivalent dose</kwd><kwd>cardio-endovascular surgery</kwd><kwd>eye lens</kwd><kwd>hand skin</kwd><kwd>low-intensity scattered radiation</kwd><kwd>professional behavior</kwd><kwd>radiation sources</kwd><kwd>radioisotope diagnostics department</kwd><kwd>staff</kwd><kwd>thermo-luminescent dosimetry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>источники ионизирующего излучения</kwd><kwd>персонал</kwd><kwd>кардиоэндоваскулярная хирургия</kwd><kwd>отделение радиоизотопной диагностики</kwd><kwd>хрусталик глаза</kwd><kwd>кожа рук</kwd><kwd>рассеянное излучение низкой интенсивности</kwd><kwd>годовая эквивалентная доза</kwd><kwd>термолюминесцентная дозиметрия</kwd><kwd>профессиональное поведение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>电离辐射源</kwd><kwd>工作人员</kwd><kwd>心血管内外科</kwd><kwd>放射性同位素诊断部门</kwd><kwd>眼球晶状体</kwd><kwd>手部皮肤</kwd><kwd>低强度散射辐射</kwd><kwd>年度等效剂量</kwd><kwd>热释光剂量测定法</kwd><kwd>职业行为</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov SI, Loginova SV, Akopova NA, et al. 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