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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">595696</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD595696</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创性科研成果</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Virtual platform for computer simulation of radionuclide imaging in nuclear cardiology: Comparison with clinical data</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Виртуальная платформа для имитационного компьютерного моделирования радионуклидной визуализации в ядерной кардиологии. Сравнение с клиническими данными</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>核心脏病学放射性核素成像模拟计算机建模虚拟平台。与临床数据比较</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-1753</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4928-8185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>Natalya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Наталья Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>Natalya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р физ.-мат. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Professor</p></bio><email>NVDenisova2011@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-172X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3214-5765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurko</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурко</surname><given-names>Михаил Адамович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gurko</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>m.gurko@g.nsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6779-1535</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1625-6043</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolinko</surname><given-names>Inna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колинко</surname><given-names>Инна Павловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kolinko</surname><given-names>Inna P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kiina131313@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-3276</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7781-6310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ansheles</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аншелес</surname><given-names>Алексей Аркадьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ansheles</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>aansheles@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-6902</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4918-3443</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergienko</surname><given-names>Vladimir B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергиенко</surname><given-names>Владимир Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sergienko</surname><given-names>Vladimir B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>vbsergienko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт теоретической и прикладной механики имени С.А. Христиановича</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I. Chazov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени академика Е.И. Чазова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I. Chazov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-11-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>492</fpage><lpage>508</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-22"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/595696">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/595696</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>:<bold> </bold>In radionuclide imaging, in vivo human clinical studies are limited because of radiation exposure and ethical concerns; therefore, mathematical modeling and in silico computer simulations based on digital models are becoming increasingly important. In the English-language literature, this approach is called “virtual clinical trials.”</p> <p><bold>AIMS</bold>:<bold> </bold>This study aimed to develop software tools for the simulation of radionuclide visualization of myocardial perfusion by single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography using <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI as the radiopharmaceutical and perform studies aimed at improving the accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold>: A software package “Virtual platform for simulations of single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography method in nuclear cardiology” was developed using digital patient models, a scanner, and assessment of the state of the myocardium using digital images of the left ventricle in the form of a “polar map.” Verification of the software package was performed by comparison with clinical data obtained at the National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I. Chazov (Moscow). Simulation computer tests were performed, in which the accuracy of assessing the state of the myocardium was assessed, depending on the approach to normalizing the polar map and corrective factors in the reconstruction algorithm.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: The results of the simulation tests revealed that the assessment of left ventricular myocardial perfusion significantly depended on the method of normalizing the polar map and considered corrective factors in the reconstruction algorithm. The most accurate estimates were obtained by calculating the normalization coefficient from the average value of activity in the normal zone of the myocardium. The common approach to pixel normalization with maximum intensity can lead to errors. The results of the virtual trials were fully consistent with clinical observations.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>: The transition from relative normalized values of activity in the myocardium to absolute quantitative estimates may eliminate existing limitations and uncertainties and is the main condition for improving the diagnostic accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography in nuclear cardiology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>.<bold> </bold>В области радионуклидной визуализации клинические исследования на людях in vivo ограничены из-за лучевой нагрузки и этических норм, поэтому всё возрастающее значение приобретают методы математического моделирования и имитационных компьютерных испытаний in silico, основанные на цифровых моделях. В англоязычной литературе этот подход получил название «Virtual clinical trials».</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — развитие программных средств для имитационного моделирования радионуклидной визуализации перфузии миокарда методом однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии, совмещённой с компьютерной томографией, с использованием радиофармацевтического препарата <sup>99</sup><sup>m</sup>Tc-МИБИ, а также проведение исследований, направленных на повышение точности однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Разработан программный комплекс «Виртуальная платформа для имитационных испытаний метода однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии, совмещённой с компьютерной томографией, в ядерной кардиологии» с использованием цифровых моделей пациента, сканера и оценки состояния миокарда с помощью цифровых изображений левого желудочка в виде «полярной карты». Выполнена верификация программного комплекса путём сравнения с клиническими данными, полученными в Национальном медицинском исследовательском центре кардиологии имени академика Е.И. Чазова (Москва). Проведены имитационные компьютерные испытания, в которых исследовалась точность оценки состояния миокарда в зависимости от подхода к нормализации полярной карты и учёта корректирующих факторов в алгоритме реконструкции.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Результаты имитационных испытаний показали, что оценка перфузии миокарда левого желудочка существенно зависит от метода нормализации полярной карты и учёта корректирующих факторов в алгоритме реконструкции. Наиболее точные оценки были получены при расчёте коэффициента нормализации по усреднённому значению активности в нормальной зоне миокарда. Показано, что распространённый подход к нормализации по пикселю с максимальной интенсивностью может приводить к ошибкам. Результаты «виртуальных» испытаний полностью соответствовали клиническим наблюдениям.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Переход от относительных нормализованных значений накопления активности в миокарде к абсолютным количественным оценкам может снять существующие ограничения и неопределённости и является главным условием повышения диагностической точности метода однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии, совмещённой с компьютерной томографией, в ядерной кардиологии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。在放射性核素成像领域，人体临床试验（in vivo）因辐射负荷和伦理规范而受到限制。因此，数学建模方法和模拟计算机试验（in silico）方法越来越重要。这些方法以数值模型为基础。在英文文献中，这种方法被称为“Virtual clinical trials”（虚拟临床试验）。</p> <p>该研究的目的是利用放射性药物99mTc-MIBI，开发单光子发射计算机断层扫描及计算机断层扫描对心肌灌注进行放射性核素成像模拟建模的软件工具；开展旨在提高单光子发射计算机断层扫描准确度的研究。</p> <p>材料与方法。我们开发了“核心脏病学单光子发射计算机断层扫描及计算机断层扫描方法模拟测试虚拟平台”综合软件。开发综合软件的时候，我们使用了患者、扫描仪的数字模型和心肌评估，心肌评估是使用“极坐标靶心图”形式的左心室数字图像进行的。通过与临床数据对比，对软件系统进行了验证。临床数据是在以E.I.CHAZOV院士命名的国家心脏病学医学研究中心（NATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF CARDIOLOGY NAMED AFTER ACADEMICIAN E.I.CHAZOV，莫斯科）获得的。我们还进行了模拟计算机测试，在测试期间研究了心肌评估的准确度，这取决于极坐标靶心图归一化的方法和重建算法中校正因子的考虑。</p> <p>结果。模拟测试结果表明了，左心室心肌灌注的评估很大程度上取决于极坐标靶心图归一化的方法和重建算法中校正因子的考虑。使用心肌正常区域活动的平均值计算归一化因子时，估算结果最为准确。结果表明了，用强度最大的像素进行归一化的常见方法会导致误 差。“虚拟”测试的结果与临床观察完全一致。</p> <p>结论。从心肌活性累积的相对归一化值过渡到绝对定量估计值，可以消除现有的局限性和不确定性，是提高核心脏病学中单光子发射计算机断层扫描及计算机断层扫描方法诊断准确度的主要条件。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography</kwd><kwd>nuclear cardiology</kwd><kwd>mathematical phantom</kwd><kwd>mathematical simulation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография, совмещённая с компьютерной томографией</kwd><kwd>ядерная кардиология</kwd><kwd>математический фантом</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>单光子发射计算机断层扫描及计算机断层扫描</kwd><kwd>核心脏病学</kwd><kwd>数学模型</kwd><kwd>数学建模</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ansheles AA, Sergienko VB. 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