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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">60300</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD60300</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>系统评价</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Radiation diagnostics of cerebral cavernous malformations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лучевая диагностика кавернозных мальформаций головного мозга</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>脑洞畸形的放射诊断</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5875-1489</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4793-7748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Girya</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гиря</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radiologist of Radiosurgery Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-рентгенолог отделения «Центр радиохирургии»</p></bio><email>mishka_77@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-2193</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8449-6590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitsyn</surname><given-names>Valentin E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синицын</surname><given-names>Валентин Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Radiation Diagnostics</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделением лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>vsini@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8415-5602</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1608-0630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokarev</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токарев</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Deputy Head of Moscow Health Department, Neurosurgeon of Radiosurgery Department </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заместитель руководителя Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы, врач нейрохирург отделения «Центр радиохирургии»</p></bio><email>alex_am_00@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи имени Н.В. Склифосовского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Health Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2021-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Girya E.N., Sinitsyn V.E., Tokarev A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Гиря Е.Н., Синицын В.Е., Токарев А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Girya E., Sinitsyn V., Tokarev A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Girya E.N., Sinitsyn V.E., Tokarev A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гиря Е.Н., Синицын В.Е., Токарев А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Girya E., Sinitsyn V., Tokarev A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/60300">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/60300</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cerebral cavernous malformations are a fairly common vascular pathology at the moment, with the number of detected cases increasing dramatically in recent years. This is because modern neuroimaging methods such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been introduced into clinical practice and are widely available. Prior to the advent of CT and MRI technologies, it was extremely difficult to diagnose this pathology, and the diagnosis was usually made intraoperatively or based on autopsy data. Further, the literature review is devoted to the radiological diagnosis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CM). The role of neuroimaging methods in the diagnosis of cavernous malformations, as well as the use of MRI for CM visualization, was analyzed. The advantages of MRI over other neuroimaging methods for this pathology have been demonstrated. Pulse sequences of MRI and signaling characteristics of various foci were characterized, depending on the morphological substrate. The significance of the susceptibility-weighted imaging sequence was also evaluated for the detection of multifocal lesions in cases of familial CM. The study of the main pulse sequences of MRI for visualization of CM will improve the protocol algorithm for the timely diagnosis of this pathology and the selection of therapeutic approach.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Кавернозные мальформации головного мозга в настоящее время являются достаточно распространённой сосудистой патологией: число выявляемых случаев в последние годы резко возросло. Это связано с внедрением в клиническую практику и повсеместным распространением современных методов нейровизуализации, таких как компьютерная (КТ) и магнитно-резонансная (МРТ) томография. До появления КТ и МРТ диагностировать данную патологию было весьма трудно, и диагноз чаще всего устанавливался интраоперационно или по данным аутопсии. Обзор литературы посвящён лучевой диагностике кавернозных мальформаций (КМ) головного мозга. Проанализировано значение методов нейровизуализации для диагностики кавернозных мальформаций, а также применение МРТ для визуализации КМ. Выявлены преимущества МРТ перед другими методами нейровизуализации данной патологии. Охарактеризованы импульсные последовательности МРТ и сигнальные характеристики очагов различных типов в зависимости от морфологического субстрата. Проанализировано значение последовательности SWI (susceptibility weighted imaging) для обнаружения многоочаговых поражений в случаях семейных форм КМ. Изучение основных импульсных последовательностей МРТ для визуализации кавернозных мальформаций позволит оптимизировать алгоритм протокола для своевременной диагностики данной патологии и выбора тактики лечения.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>目前，脑海绵状畸形是相当普遍的血管病理：近年来发现的病例数量急剧增加。这是由于将其引入临床实践并广泛传播了现代神经成像方法，例如计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振成像（MRI）断层扫描。CT和MRI出现之前，很难诊断出这种病理，诊断通常是在术中或根据尸检数据进行的。文献综述致力于脑海绵状畸形（CM）的放射学诊断。分析了神经影像学方法对海绵状畸形的诊断的重要性，以及使用MRI对骨髓进行可视化的重要性。相比于这种病理学的其他神经影像学检查方法，MRI具有优势。根据形态学底物，对MRI的脉冲序列和各种类型灶的信号特征进行了表征。分析 SWI (susceptibility weighted imaging)序列的值 用于检测家族性CM病例中的多灶性病变。对MRI的主要脉冲序列进行可视化以研究海绵状畸形的研究将有助于优化协议算法，以便及时诊断这种病理状况并选择治疗策略。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radiation diagnostics</kwd><kwd>cavernous malformations</kwd><kwd>cavernous angiomas</kwd><kwd>hemangiomas</kwd><kwd>hidden vascular malformations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лучевая диагностика</kwd><kwd>кавернозные мальформации</kwd><kwd>кавернозные ангиомы</kwd><kwd>гемангиомы</kwd><kwd>скрытые сосудистые мальформации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>放射诊断</kwd><kwd>海绵状畸形</kwd><kwd>海绵状血管瘤</kwd><kwd>血管瘤</kwd><kwd>隐藏的血管畸形</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukha AM, Dashyan VG, Krylov VV. 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