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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">624022</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD624022</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创性科研成果</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Machine-learning and artificial neural network technologies in the classification of postkeratotomic corneal deformity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Технологии машинного обучения и искусственной нейронной сети в классификации посткератотомической деформации роговицы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>机器学习和人工神经网络技术在角膜切开术后畸形分类中的应用</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6804-8268</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1158-5233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsyrenzhapova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыренжапова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Кирилловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tsyrenzhapova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>katyakel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3139-2409</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6557-9123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozanova</surname><given-names>Olga I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розанова</surname><given-names>Ольга Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rozanova</surname><given-names>Olga I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>olgrozanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-7521</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8457-5851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iureva</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Iureva</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>tnyurieva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4235-9252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>ivanov.andrei.med@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7202-0428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozanov</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розанов</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rozanov</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nauka@mntk.irkutsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр «Межотраслевой научно-технический комплекс “Микрохирургия глаза” имени академика С.Н. Фёдорова»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LLC Transneft Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Транснефть-Технологии»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">LLC Transneft Technology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-03-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-04-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-11-29"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-02-14"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/624022">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/624022</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>A thorough analysis of both optical and anatomical properties of the cornea in patients after anterior radial keratotomy is important in choosing the optical power of an intraocular lens in the surgical treatment of cataracts and other types of optical correction. Improving the classification of postkeratotomic corneal deformity is crucial in modern ophthalmology due to its diverse clinical presentation.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To develop an automated classification system for postkeratotomic corneal deformity using machine learning and artificial neural networks based on the analysis of topographic maps of the cornea.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>Depersonalized data from medical records of 250 patients aged 46–76 (mean, 59.63±5.95) years were analyzed. Moreover, 500 topographic maps of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea were analyzed, and three stages of machine learning for postkeratotomic corneal deformity classification were performed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Stage I, which involved topography analysis of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea, allowed for the measurement of anterior and posterior corneal elevation in three ring-shaped zones. At stage II, a direct distribution neural network was selected and created during deep machine learning. Eight auxiliary parameters describing the shape of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea were established. In Stage III, classification algorithms for postkeratotomic corneal deformity were developed based on the test-to-training sample ratio, which ranged from 75% to 91%.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The proposed<bold> </bold>artificial neural network classifies postkeratotomic corneal deformity types with an accuracy of 91%. The potential for further improving the training quality of this artificial neural network has been established. Neural network algorithms can become a useful tool for the automatic classification of postkeratotomic corneal deformity in patients after radial keratotomy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Тщательный анализ как оптических, так и анатомических свойств роговицы у пациентов после перенесённой передней радиальной кератотомии приобретает особое значение в выборе оптической силы интраокулярной линзы при хирургическом лечении катаракты и других видах оптической коррекции. Вариабельность клинической картины посткератотомической деформации определяет необходимость разработки её классификации и является важной задачей современной офтальмологии.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold><bold> </bold>—<bold> </bold>разработать автоматизированную систему классификации посткератотомической деформации роговицы с использованием машинного обучения и искусственной нейронной сети на основе анализа численных значений топографических карт роговицы.</p> <p><bold>Материалы </bold><bold>и </bold><bold>методы.</bold> В качестве материала использовались обезличенные результаты анализа медицинской документации 250 пациентов в возрасте от 46 до 76 лет (средний возраст — 59,63±5,95 года). Проведён анализ 500 карт рельеф-топографии передней и задней поверхностей роговицы и 3 этапа машинного обучения классификации посткератотомической деформации.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> I этап — анализ рельеф-топографии передней и задней поверхностей роговицы — позволил зафиксировать численные значения элевации передней и задней поверхности роговицы в трёх кольцевидных зонах. На II этапе в ходе глубокого машинного обучения была выбрана и создана нейросеть прямого распространения. Установлены 8 вспомогательных параметров, описывающих форму передней и задней поверхностей роговицы. III этап сопровождался получением алгоритмов классификации посткератотомической деформации роговицы в зависимости от соотношения тестовой и обучающей выборок, которое варьировало от 75 до 91%.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Разработана искусственная нейронная сеть, успешно решающая задачу классификации типов посткератотомической деформации роговицы с точностью 91%. Установлен потенциал для дальнейшего улучшения качества обучения данной нейронной сети. Применение алгоритмов искусственной нейронной сети может стать полезным инструментом автоматической классификации посткератотомической деформации роговицы у пациентов, перенёсших ранее радиальную кератотомию.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。对前放射状角膜切开术后患者角膜的光学和解剖特性进行仔细分析。这对于选择用于白内障手术和其他类型光学矫正的眼内镜片的光学倍率具有特殊意义。角膜切开术后畸形临床表现的多变性决定了有必要对其进行分类，这也是现代眼科学的一项重要任务。</p> <p>目的。本研究旨在利用机器学习和人工神经网络开发角膜切开术后角膜畸形自动分类系统。该分类系统的开发基于对角膜图形数值的分析。</p> <p>材料与方法。以250名患者的匿名病历分析结果为材料。患者年龄在46至76岁之间（平均年龄为59.63±5.95岁）。对500张角膜前后表面的图形，对角膜切开术后畸形分类进行了3个阶段的机器学习。</p> <p>结果。第一阶段是分析角膜前后表面的图形。通过分析记录了角膜前后表面在三个环形区域的隆起数值。在第二阶段，通过深度机器学习选择并建立了一个前馈神经网络，确定了八个辅助参数。这些参数描述了角膜前后表面的形态。在第三阶段根据测试样本和训练样本的比例，获得了角膜切开术后角膜畸形的分类算法，该比例为75%至91%。</p> <p>结论。开发了一个人工神经网络。成功解决了角膜切开术后角膜畸形类型的分类问题，准确率高达91%。该神经网络的训练质量还有进一步提高的潜力。人工神经网络算法的应用可以成为对曾接受过放射状角膜切开术的患者进行角膜切开术后角膜畸形自动分类的有用工具。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anterior radial keratotomy</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>corneal topography</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>передняя радиальная кератотомия</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>рельеф-топография роговицы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>前放射状角膜切开术</kwd><kwd>人工智能</kwd><kwd>机器学习</kwd><kwd>角膜图形</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Issarti I, Consejo A, Jiménez-García M, et al. 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