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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">625319</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD625319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epistemic status of artificial intelligence in medical practice: Ethical challenges</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпистемический статус искусственного интеллекта в медицинских практиках: этические вызовы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>人工智能在医疗实践中的认识论地位：伦理挑战</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5871-6217</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2951-1427</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baeva</surname><given-names>Angelina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баева</surname><given-names>Ангелина Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Baeva</surname><given-names>Angelina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Philosophy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. философ. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Philosophy)</p></bio><email>a-baeva93@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-03-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-04-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-02-13"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/625319">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/625319</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Advances in artificial intelligence have raised controversy in modern scientific research regarding the objectivity, plausibility, and reliability of knowledge, and whether these technologies will replace the expert figure as the authority that has so far served as a guarantor of objectivity and the center of decision-making. In their book on the history of scientific objectivity, modern historians of science L. Duston and P. Galison discuss the interchangeability of “epistemic virtues,” which now include objectivity. Moreover, selecting one or another virtue governing the scientific self, i.e., serving as a normative principle for a scientist when adopting a perspective or scientific practice, depends on making decisions in difficult cases that require will and self-restriction. In this sense, epistemology and ethics are intertwined: a scientist, guided by certain moral principles, prefers one or another course of action, such as choosing not a more accurate hand-drawn image but an unretouched photograph, perhaps fuzzy, but obtained mechanically, which means it is more objective and free of subjectivity. In this regard, the epistemic standing of modern artificial intelligence technologies, which increasingly perform the functions of the scientific self, including influencing ultimate decision-making and obtaining objective knowledge, is intriguing. For example, in medicine, robotic devices considerable support and are assigned some of the responsibilities of a primary care physician, such as collecting and analyzing standardized patient data and diagnosis. It is expected that artificial intelligence will take on more tasks such as data processing, development of new drugs and treatment methods, and remote interaction with patients. It remains to be seen whether this implies that the scientific self can be replaced by artificial intelligence algorithms and another epistemic virtue will replace objectivity, thus breaking the link between ethics and epistemology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В современных научных исследованиях в последнее время всё чаще появляются дискуссии о том, что в связи с развитием технологий искусственного интеллекта встают вопросы об объективности, правдоподобности и достоверности знания, а также о том, не заменят ли эти технологии фигуру эксперта как ту инстанцию, которая до сих пор выступала гарантом объективности и центром принятия решений. Современные историки науки Л. Дастон и П. Галисон в своей книге, посвящённой истории научной объективности, говорят о сменяемости «эпистемических добродетелей», в качестве одной из которых с определённого момента утвердилась и объективность. При этом выдвижение той или иной добродетели, регулирующей научную самость, то есть выступающей нормативным принципом для учёного при выборе способа видения и научной практики, зависит от принятия решений в трудных случаях, требующих воли и ограничения самости. В этом смысле эпистемология соединяется с этикой: учёный, руководствуясь определёнными моральными принципами, отдаёт предпочтение тому или иному способу поведения, выбирая, например, не более точное изображение, сделанное от руки, а неретушированную фотографию, возможно, нечёткую, но полученную механически, а значит — более объективную и свободную от какой-либо примеси субъективности. В этой связи небезынтересным представляется эпистемический статус современных технологий на основе искусственного интеллекта, которые всё больше берут на себя функции научной самости, в том числе и в части оказания влияния на принятие конечных решений и получение объективного знания. Так, например, в области медицины роботизированные аппараты уже оказывают существенную поддержку: им передаётся часть функций, например, врача первого звена для сбора и анализа стандартизированных данных о пациенте и диагностики. Есть предположение, что в ближайшее время всё больше обязанностей будет передаваться искусственному интеллекту: обработка данных, разработка новых лекарств и способов лечения, налаживание дистанционного взаимодействия с пациентом и др. Значит ли это, что научная самость может быть заменена алгоритмами на основе искусственного интеллекта, а на смену объективности придёт другая эпистемическая добродетель, окончательно разрывающая связь этики и эпистемологии, — этот вопрос нуждается в исследовании.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>最近，在现代科学研究中越来越多地讨论认为，随着人工智能技术的发展，知识的客观性、可信度和可靠性出现了问题，以及这些技术是否会取代专家的问题。科迄今为止，专家一直是客观性的保证和决策中心。现代科学史学家L.Daston和P.Galison在他们关于科学客观性历史的著作中谈到了“认识论美德”的更迭。客观性从某个时刻就确立为其中之一。美德是科学家选择理解方式和科学实践的规范性原则。管理科学信念的特定美德的弘扬过程取决于科学家在需要意志和信念限制的困难情况下做出的决策。从这个意义上说，认识论与伦理学是相通的。科学家在某些道德原则的指导下，倾向于这样或那样的行为方式。例如，科学家选择一张未经修饰的照片，而不是更精确的手绘图像。照片可能模糊不清，但它是通过机械方式获得的，这意味着这样的照片更加客观，未受到任何主观因素的影响。在这方面，以人工智能为基础的现代技术的认识论地位很有意思。这些人工智能技术越来越多地承担科学信念的功能，包括在影响最终决策和获取客观知识方面。例如，在医学领域，机器人设备已经开始提供重要的支持。一些功能被转移到这些机器上，例如一线医生收集和分析病人标准数据的功能和诊断功能。有一种假设认为，在不久的将来，越来越多的职责将移交给人工智能：数据处理、新药物和新疗法的开发、与病人建立远程互动等等。这是否意味着科学可能会被基于人工智能的算法所取代，客观性将被另一种最终打破伦理学与认识论之间联系的认识论美德所取代。这是一个需要探讨的问题。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>modern scientific practices</kwd><kwd>objectivity</kwd><kwd>epistemic virtue</kwd><kwd>scientific self</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence technologies</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>современные научные практики</kwd><kwd>объективность</kwd><kwd>эпистемическая добродетель</kwd><kwd>научная самость</kwd><kwd>технологии на основе искусственного интеллекта</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>现代科学实践</kwd><kwd>客观性</kwd><kwd>认识论美德</kwd><kwd>科学信念</kwd><kwd>基于人工智能的技术</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daston L, Galison P. 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