<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">625405</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD625405</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fundamentals of dual-energy computed tomography and its emerging applications in bladder cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Основы двухэнергетической компьютерной томографии и новые способы её применения при раке мочевого пузыря</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>双能量计算机断层扫描的原理和在膀胱癌中的新应用</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4289-3289</contrib-id><name><surname>Masino</surname><given-names>Federica</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>federicamasino@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4172-5126</contrib-id><name><surname>Eusebi</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>lauraeu@virgilio.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1526-5047</contrib-id><name><surname>Montatore</surname><given-names>Manuela</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>manuela.montatore@unifg.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3535-5802</contrib-id><name><surname>Muscatella</surname><given-names>Gianmichele</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>muscatella94@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9679-3861</contrib-id><name><surname>Gifuni</surname><given-names>Rossella</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>rossella.gifuni@unifg.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8625-4308</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferrara</surname><given-names>Vincenzo</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>vincenzoferrara4@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-7819</contrib-id><name><surname>Marcellini</surname><given-names>Massimo</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>massimo.marcellini@sanita.marche.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-8330</contrib-id><name><surname>Guglielmi</surname><given-names>Giuseppe</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p>
<p>Профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Professor</p></bio><email>giuseppe.guglielmi@unifg.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Foggia University School of Medicine</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>“Carlo Urbani” Hospital</institution></aff><aff id="aff3"><institution>“Senigallia” Hospital</institution></aff><aff id="aff4"><institution>“Dimiccoli” Hospital</institution></aff><aff id="aff5"><institution>“IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-10-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>551</fpage><lpage>566</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/625405">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/625405</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Nowadays, computed tomography urography and multiparametric magnetic resonance are the most often used imaging techniques in patients with bladder cancer; however, dual-energy computed tomography is making its way into the oncological field. This narrative review article aimed to show the fundamentals of dual-energy computed tomography by outlining its physical principles, techniques, protocols, and postprocessing images to help those who used this cutting-edge technology as the first approach to fully understand its emerging applications in the evaluation of bladder cancer, a field yet to be explored. In particular, we discuss the usefulness of dual-energy computed tomography by focusing on the main images obtained, such as the iodine map, comparing them to the images obtained with conventional computed tomography scans.</p> <p>Dual-energy computed tomography applications may be beneficial for bladder cancer diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning. Nevertheless, its application is limited to its availability in healthcare structures and the training of healthcare personnel who can perform and interpret the scans correctly.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время наиболее распространёнными методами инструментального исследования пациентов с раком мочевого пузыря являются урография с использованием компьютерной томографии и мультипараметрическая магнитно-резонансная томография. Однако в последнее время для диагностики онкологических заболеваний всё чаще применяется двухэнергетическая компьютерная томография. В настоящей обзорной статье кратко описаны такие аспекты двухэнергетической компьютерной томографии, как физические принципы действия, методики, протоколы и способы обработки изображений, чтобы составить общее представление о способах применения этой передовой технологии в перспективном направлении диагностики рака мочевого пузыря. В частности, рассматривается вопрос о целесообразности применения двухэнергетической компьютерной томографии для сравнения основных снимков, например, йодной карты, с изображениями, полученными с помощью стандартной компьютерной томографии.</p> <p>Метод двухэнергетической компьютерной томографии можно использовать для диагностики, стадирования и планирования лечения рака мочевого пузыря. Тем не менее его применение ограничено недостаточно широкой доступностью соответствующего оборудования в учреждениях здравоохранения и отсутствием подготовленного персонала, способного правильно провести исследование и корректно описать его результаты.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>目前，膀胱癌患者最常见的仪器检查方法是使用计算机断层扫描和多参数磁共振成像进行尿路造影。但是，最近双能量计算机断层扫描已越来越多地用于诊断癌症。这篇概述性的文章简要描述双能量计算机断层扫描的各个方面，如物理操作原理、工作方法、规程和图像处理方法，为了这一先进技术应用于前景广阔的膀胱癌诊断领域，形成总体的认识。特别是，研究使用双能计算机断层扫描来比较基本图像（如碘图）与使用标准计算机断层扫描获得的图像的可行性。</p> <p>双能量计算机断层扫描可用于膀胱癌的诊断、分期和治疗规划。然而，由于医疗机构中相应设备不足，以及缺乏受过训练的人员来正确进行检查，并恰当的描述检查结果，该方法的使用受到了限制。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>dual-energy computed tomography</kwd><kwd>iodine map</kwd><kwd>urinary bladder neoplasms</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>двухэнергетическая компьютерная томография</kwd><kwd>йодная карта</kwd><kwd>новообразования мочевого пузыря</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>膀胱癌</kwd><kwd>双能量计算机断层扫描</kwd><kwd>碘图</kwd><kwd>膀胱肿瘤</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L., et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries // CA Cancer J Clin. 2021. Vol. 71, N 3. P. 209–249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21590</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siegel R.L., Miller K.D., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020 // CA Cancer J Clin. 2020. Vol. 70, N 1. P. 7–30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21590</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30. doi: 10.3322/caac.21590</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soria F, Shariat SF, Lerner SP, et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). World J Urol. 2017;35(3):379–387. doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1928-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soria F., Shariat S.F., Lerner S.P., et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) // World J Urol. 2017. Vol. 35, N 3. P. 379–387. doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1928-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Soria F, Shariat SF, Lerner SP, et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). World J Urol. 2017;35(3):379–387. doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1928-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verma S, Rajesh A, Prasad SR, et al. Urinary bladder cancer: role of MR imaging. Radiographics. 2012;32(2):371–387. doi: 10.1148/rg.322115125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verma S., Rajesh A., Prasad S.R., et al. Urinary bladder cancer: role of MR imaging // Radiographics. 2012. Vol. 32, N 2. P. 371–387. doi: 10.1148/rg.322115125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Verma S, Rajesh A, Prasad SR, et al. Urinary bladder cancer: role of MR imaging. Radiographics. 2012;32(2):371–387. doi: 10.1148/rg.322115125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rouprêt M, Babjuk M, Burger M, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update. Eur Urol. 2021;79(1):62–79. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rouprêt M., Babjuk M., Burger M., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update // Eur Urol. 2021. Vol. 79, N 1. P. 62–79. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Rouprêt M, Babjuk M, Burger M, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update. Eur Urol. 2021;79(1):62–79. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farling KB. Bladder cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Nurse Pract. 2017;42(3):26–33. doi: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000512251.61454.5c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farling K.B. Bladder cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management // Nurse Pract. 2017. Vol. 42, N 3. P. 26–33. doi: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000512251.61454.5c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Farling KB. Bladder cancer: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Nurse Pract. 2017;42(3):26–33. doi: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000512251.61454.5c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eusebi L, Masino F, Gifuni R, et al. Role of multiparametric-MRI in bladder cancer. Current Radiology Reports. 2023;11(5):69–80. doi: 10.1007/s40134-023-00412-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eusebi L., Masino F., Gifuni R., et al. Role of multiparametric-MRI in bladder cancer // Current Radiology Reports. 2023. Vol. 11, N 5. P. 69–80. doi: 10.1007/s40134-023-00412-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Eusebi L, Masino F, Gifuni R, et al. Role of multiparametric-MRI in bladder cancer. Current Radiology Reports. 2023;11(5):69–80. doi: 10.1007/s40134-023-00412-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol. 2022;81(1):75–94. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babjuk M., Burger M., Capoun O., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ) // Eur Urol. 2022. Vol. 81, N 1. P. 75–94. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and Carcinoma in Situ). Eur Urol. 2022;81(1):75–94. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babjuk M, Böhle A, Burger M, et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017;71(3):447–461. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babjuk M., Böhle A., Burger M., et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016 // Eur Urol. 2017. Vol. 71, N 3. P. 447–461. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Babjuk M, Böhle A, Burger M, et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017;71(3):447–461. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamoun A, de Reyniès A, Allory Y, et al. A consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. European Urology. 2020;77(4):420–433. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamoun A., de Reyniès A., Allory Y., et al. A consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer // European Urology. 2020. Vol. 77, N 4. P. 420–433. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Kamoun A, de Reyniès A, Allory Y, et al. A consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. European Urology. 2020;77(4):420–433. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z, Shang Y, Luan T, et al. Evaluation of the value of the VI-rads scoring system in assessing muscle infiltration by bladder cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2020;20(1). doi: 10.1186/s40644-020-00304-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z., Shang Y., Luan T., et al. Evaluation of the value of the VI-rads scoring system in assessing muscle infiltration by bladder cancer // Cancer Imaging. 2020. Vol. 20, N 1. doi: 10.1186/s40644-020-00304-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Wang Z, Shang Y, Luan T, et al. Evaluation of the value of the VI-rads scoring system in assessing muscle infiltration by bladder cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2020;20(1). doi: 10.1186/s40644-020-00304-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Husband JE, Olliff JF, Williams MP, Heron CW, Cherryman GR. Bladder cancer: staging with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;173(2):435–440. doi: 10.1148/radiology.173.2.2798874</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Husband J.E., Olliff J.F., Williams M.P., Heron C.W., Cherryman G.R. Bladder cancer: staging with CT and MR imaging // Radiology. 1989. Vol. 173, N 2. P. 435–440. doi: 10.1148/radiology.173.2.2798874</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Husband JE, Olliff JF, Williams MP, Heron CW, Cherryman GR. Bladder cancer: staging with CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;173(2):435–440. doi: 10.1148/radiology.173.2.2798874</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong VK, Ganeshan D, Jensen CT, Devine CE. Imaging and management of Bladder Cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(6):1396. doi: 10.3390/cancers13061396</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong V.K., Ganeshan D., Jensen C.T., Devine C.E. Imaging and management of Bladder Cancer // Cancers. 2021. Vol. 13, N 6. P. 1396. doi: 10.3390/cancers13061396</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Wong VK, Ganeshan D, Jensen CT, Devine CE. Imaging and management of Bladder Cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(6):1396. doi: 10.3390/cancers13061396</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal MD, Pinho DF, Kulkarni NM, et al. Oncologic applications of dual-energy CT in the abdomen. Radiographics. 2014;34(3):589–612. doi: 10.1148/rg.343135041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal M.D., Pinho D.F., Kulkarni N.M., et al. Oncologic applications of dual-energy CT in the abdomen // Radiographics. 2014. Vol. 34, N 3. P. 589–612. doi: 10.1148/rg.343135041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Agrawal MD, Pinho DF, Kulkarni NM, et al. Oncologic applications of dual-energy CT in the abdomen. Radiographics. 2014;34(3):589–612. doi: 10.1148/rg.343135041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson T. Dual-Energy CT: General Principles. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(5 Suppl):S3–S8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson T. Dual-Energy CT: General Principles // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012. Vol. 199, N 5 Suppl. P. S3–S8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Johnson T. Dual-Energy CT: General Principles. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(5 Suppl):S3–S8. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potenta SE, D’Agostino R, Sternberg KM, Tatsumi K, Perusse K. CT Urography for Evaluation of the Ureter. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2015;35:709–726. doi: 10.1148/rg.2015140209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Potenta S.E., D’Agostino R., Sternberg K.M., Tatsumi K., Perusse K. CT Urography for Evaluation of the Ureter // Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2015. Vol. 35. P. 709–726. doi: 10.1148/rg.2015140209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Potenta SE, D’Agostino R, Sternberg KM, Tatsumi K, Perusse K. CT Urography for Evaluation of the Ureter. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2015;35:709–726. doi: 10.1148/rg.2015140209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawashima A, Vrtiska TJ, Leroy AJ, et al. CT Urography. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2004;24:S35–S54. doi: 10.1148/rg.24si045513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawashima A., Vrtiska T.J., Leroy A.J., et al. CT Urography // Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2004. Vol. 24. P. S35–S54. doi: 10.1148/rg.24si045513</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Kawashima A, Vrtiska TJ, Leroy AJ, et al. CT Urography. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2004;24:S35–S54. doi: 10.1148/rg.24si045513</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caoili EM, Cohan RH. CT urography in evaluation of urothelial tumors of the kidney. Abdom. Radiol. 2016;41:1100–1107. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-0695-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caoili E.M., Cohan R.H. CT urography in evaluation of urothelial tumors of the kidney // Abdom. Radiol. 2016. Vol. 41. P. 1100–1107. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-0695-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Caoili EM, Cohan RH. CT urography in evaluation of urothelial tumors of the kidney. Abdom. Radiol. 2016;41:1100–1107. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-0695-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng K, Cassidy F, Aganovic L, Taddonio M, Vahdat N. CT urography: How to optimize the technique. Abdom. Radiol. 2019;44:3786–3799. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-02111-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng K., Cassidy F., Aganovic L., Taddonio M., Vahdat N. CT urography: How to optimize the technique // Abdom. Radiol. 2019. Vol. 44. P. 3786–3799. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-02111-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Cheng K, Cassidy F, Aganovic L, Taddonio M, Vahdat N. CT urography: How to optimize the technique. Abdom. Radiol. 2019;44:3786–3799. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-02111-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverman SG, Leyendecker JR, Amis ES. What Is the Current Role of CT Urography and MR Urography in the Evaluation of the Urinary Tract? Radiology. 2009;250:309–323. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2502080534</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverman S.G., Leyendecker J.R., Amis E.S. What Is the Current Role of CT Urography and MR Urography in the Evaluation of the Urinary Tract? // Radiology. 2009. Vol. 250. P. 309–323. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2502080534</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Silverman SG, Leyendecker JR, Amis ES. What Is the Current Role of CT Urography and MR Urography in the Evaluation of the Urinary Tract? Radiology. 2009;250:309–323. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2502080534</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shampain KL, Cohan RH, Caoili EM, Davenport MS, Ellis JH. Benign diseases of the urinary tract at CT and CT urography. Abdom. Radiol. 2019;44:3811–3826. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-02108-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shampain K.L., Cohan R.H., Caoili E.M., Davenport M.S., Ellis J.H. Benign diseases of the urinary tract at CT and CT urography // Abdom. Radiol. 2019. Vol. 44. P. 3811–3826. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-02108-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Shampain KL, Cohan RH, Caoili EM, Davenport MS, Ellis JH. Benign diseases of the urinary tract at CT and CT urography. Abdom. Radiol. 2019;44:3811–3826. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-02108-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metser U, Goldstein MA, Chawla TP, et al. Detection of urothelial tumors: Comparison of urothelial phase with excretory phase CT urography — a prospective study. Radiology. 2012;264(1):110–118. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12111623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metser U., Goldstein M.A., Chawla T.P., et al. Detection of urothelial tumors: Comparison of urothelial phase with excretory phase CT urography — a prospective study // Radiology. 2012. Vol. 264, N 1. P. 110–118. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12111623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Metser U, Goldstein MA, Chawla TP, et al. Detection of urothelial tumors: Comparison of urothelial phase with excretory phase CT urography — a prospective study. Radiology. 2012;264(1):110–118. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12111623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim JK, Park SY, Ahn HJ, Kim CS, Cho KS. Bladder cancer: analysis of multi-detector row helical CT enhancement pattern and accuracy in tumor detection and perivesical staging. Radiology. 2004;231(3):725–731. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2313021253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.K., Park S.Y., Ahn H.J., Kim C.S., Cho K.S. Bladder cancer: analysis of multi-detector row helical CT enhancement pattern and accuracy in tumor detection and perivesical staging // Radiology. 2004. Vol. 231, N 3. P. 725–731. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2313021253</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Kim JK, Park SY, Ahn HJ, Kim CS, Cho KS. Bladder cancer: analysis of multi-detector row helical CT enhancement pattern and accuracy in tumor detection and perivesical staging. Radiology. 2004;231(3):725–731. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2313021253</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saksena MA, Dahl DM, Harisinghani MG. New imaging modalities in bladder cancer. World J Urol. 2006;24(5):473–480. doi: 10.1007/s00345-006-0118-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saksena M.A., Dahl D.M., Harisinghani M.G. New imaging modalities in bladder cancer // World J Urol. 2006. Vol. 24, N 5. P. 473–480. doi: 10.1007/s00345-006-0118-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Saksena MA, Dahl DM, Harisinghani MG. New imaging modalities in bladder cancer. World J Urol. 2006;24(5):473–480. doi: 10.1007/s00345-006-0118-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parakh A, Lennartz S, An C, et al. Dual-Energy CT Images: Pearls and Pitfalls. Radiographics. 2021;41(1):98–119. doi: 10.1148/rg.2021200102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parakh A., Lennartz S., An C., et al. Dual-Energy CT Images: Pearls and Pitfalls // Radiographics. 2021. Vol. 41, N 1. P. 98–119. doi: 10.1148/rg.2021200102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Parakh A, Lennartz S, An C, et al. Dual-Energy CT Images: Pearls and Pitfalls. Radiographics. 2021;41(1):98–119. doi: 10.1148/rg.2021200102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sauter A, Muenzel D, Dangelmaier J, et al. Dual-Layer Spectral Computed Tomography: Virtual Non-Contrast in Comparison to True Non-Contrast Images. Eur J Radiol. 2018;104:108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.05.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sauter A., Muenzel D., Dangelmaier J., et al. Dual-Layer Spectral Computed Tomography: Virtual Non-Contrast in Comparison to True Non-Contrast Images // Eur J Radiol. 2018. Vol. 104. P. 108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.05.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Sauter A, Muenzel D, Dangelmaier J, et al. Dual-Layer Spectral Computed Tomography: Virtual Non-Contrast in Comparison to True Non-Contrast Images. Eur J Radiol. 2018;104:108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.05.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ananthakrishnan L, Rajiah P, Ahn R, et al. Spectral Detector CT-Derived Virtual Non-Contrast Images: Comparison of Attenuation Values with Unenhanced CT. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2017;42(3):702–709. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-1036-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ananthakrishnan L., Rajiah P., Ahn R., et al. Spectral Detector CT-Derived Virtual Non-Contrast Images: Comparison of Attenuation Values with Unenhanced CT // Abdom Radiol (NY). 2017. Vol. 42, N 3. P. 702–709. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-1036-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Ananthakrishnan L, Rajiah P, Ahn R, et al. Spectral Detector CT-Derived Virtual Non-Contrast Images: Comparison of Attenuation Values with Unenhanced CT. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2017;42(3):702–709. doi: 10.1007/s00261-016-1036-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fornaro J, Leschka S, Hibbeln D, et al. Dual- and multi-energy CT: approach to functional imaging. Insights Imaging. 2011;2(2):149–159. doi: 10.1007/s13244-010-0057-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fornaro J., Leschka S., Hibbeln D., et al. Dual- and multi-energy CT: approach to functional imaging // Insights Imaging. 2011. Vol. 2, N 2. P. 149–159. doi: 10.1007/s13244-010-0057-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Fornaro J, Leschka S, Hibbeln D, et al. Dual- and multi-energy CT: approach to functional imaging. Insights Imaging. 2011;2(2):149–159. doi: 10.1007/s13244-010-0057-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva AC, Morse BG, Hara AK, et al. Dual-energy (spectral) CT: applications in abdominal imaging. Radiographics. 2011;31(4):1031–1050. doi: 10.1148/rg.314105159</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva A.C., Morse B.G., Hara A.K., et al. Dual-energy (spectral) CT: applications in abdominal imaging // Radiographics. 2011. Vol. 31, N 4. P. 1031–1050. doi: 10.1148/rg.314105159</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Silva AC, Morse BG, Hara AK, et al. Dual-energy (spectral) CT: applications in abdominal imaging. Radiographics. 2011;31(4):1031–1050. doi: 10.1148/rg.314105159</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salameh JP, McInnes MDF, McGrath TA, Salameh G, Schieda N. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dual-Energy CT for Evaluation of Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;212(4):W100–W105. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salameh J.P., McInnes M.D.F., McGrath T.A., Salameh G., Schieda N. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dual-Energy CT for Evaluation of Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019. Vol. 212, N 4. P. W100–W105. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Salameh JP, McInnes MDF, McGrath TA, Salameh G, Schieda N. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dual-Energy CT for Evaluation of Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;212(4):W100–W105. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ascenti G, Mazziotti S, Mileto A, et al. Dual-source dual-energy CT evaluation of complex cystic renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(5):1026–1034. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.7711</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ascenti G., Mazziotti S., Mileto A., et al. Dual-source dual-energy CT evaluation of complex cystic renal masses // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012. Vol. 199, N 5. P. 1026–1034. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.7711</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Ascenti G, Mazziotti S, Mileto A, et al. Dual-source dual-energy CT evaluation of complex cystic renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(5):1026–1034. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.7711</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mileto A, Nelson RC, Samei E, et al. Impact of dual-energy multi-detector row CT with virtual monochromatic imaging on renal cyst pseudoenhancement: in vitro and in vivo study. Radiology. 2014;272(3):767–776. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14132856</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mileto A., Nelson R.C., Samei E., et al. Impact of dual-energy multi-detector row CT with virtual monochromatic imaging on renal cyst pseudoenhancement: in vitro and in vivo study // Radiology. 2014. Vol. 272, N 3. P. 767–776. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14132856</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Mileto A, Nelson RC, Samei E, et al. Impact of dual-energy multi-detector row CT with virtual monochromatic imaging on renal cyst pseudoenhancement: in vitro and in vivo study. Radiology. 2014;272(3):767–776. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14132856</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandarana H, Megibow AJ, Cohen BA, et al. Iodine quantification with dual-energy CT: phantom study and preliminary experience with renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(6):W693–W700. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.5541</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandarana H., Megibow A.J., Cohen B.A., et al. Iodine quantification with dual-energy CT: phantom study and preliminary experience with renal masses // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011. Vol. 196, N 6. P. W693–W700. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.5541</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Chandarana H, Megibow AJ, Cohen BA, et al. Iodine quantification with dual-energy CT: phantom study and preliminary experience with renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(6):W693–W700. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.5541</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tatsugami F, Higaki T, Nakamura Y, Honda Y, Awai K. Dual-energy CT: minimal essentials for radiologists. Jpn J Radiol. 2022;40(6):547–559. doi: 10.1007/s11604-021-01233-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tatsugami F., Higaki T., Nakamura Y., Honda Y., Awai K. Dual-energy CT: minimal essentials for radiologists // Jpn J Radiol. 2022. Vol. 40, N 6. P. 547–559. doi: 10.1007/s11604-021-01233-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Tatsugami F, Higaki T, Nakamura Y, Honda Y, Awai K. Dual-energy CT: minimal essentials for radiologists. Jpn J Radiol. 2022;40(6):547–559. doi: 10.1007/s11604-021-01233-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nolte-Ernsting C, Cowan N. Understanding multislice CT urography techniques: Many roads lead to Rome. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(12):2670–2686. doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0386-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nolte-Ernsting C., Cowan N. Understanding multislice CT urography techniques: Many roads lead to Rome // Eur Radiol. 2006. Vol. 16, N 12. P. 2670–2686. doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0386-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Nolte-Ernsting C, Cowan N. Understanding multislice CT urography techniques: Many roads lead to Rome. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(12):2670–2686. doi: 10.1007/s00330-006-0386-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ge X, Lan ZK, Chen J, Zhu SY. Effectiveness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detecting the staging and grading of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Ultrason. 2021;23(1):29–35. doi: 10.11152/mu-2730</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ge X., Lan Z.K., Chen J., Zhu S.Y. Effectiveness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detecting the staging and grading of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Med Ultrason. 2021. Vol. 23, N 1. P. 29–35. doi: 10.11152/mu-2730</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Ge X, Lan ZK, Chen J, Zhu SY. Effectiveness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detecting the staging and grading of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Ultrason. 2021;23(1):29–35. doi: 10.11152/mu-2730</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takahashi N, Vrtiska TJ, Kawashima A, et al. Detectability of urinary stones on virtual nonenhanced images generated at pyelographic-phase dual-energy CT. Radiology. 2010;256(1):184–190. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10091411</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahashi N., Vrtiska T.J., Kawashima A., et al. Detectability of urinary stones on virtual nonenhanced images generated at pyelographic-phase dual-energy CT // Radiology. 2010. Vol. 256, N 1. P. 184–190. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10091411</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Takahashi N, Vrtiska TJ, Kawashima A, et al. Detectability of urinary stones on virtual nonenhanced images generated at pyelographic-phase dual-energy CT. Radiology. 2010;256(1):184–190. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10091411</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mangold S, Thomas C, Fenchel M, et al. Virtual nonenhanced dual-energy CT urography with tin-filter technology: determinants of detection of urinary calculi in the renal collecting system. Radiology. 2012;264(1):119–125. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12110851</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mangold S., Thomas C., Fenchel M., et al. Virtual nonenhanced dual-energy CT urography with tin-filter technology: determinants of detection of urinary calculi in the renal collecting system // Radiology. 2012. Vol. 264, N 1. P. 119–125. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12110851</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Mangold S, Thomas C, Fenchel M, et al. Virtual nonenhanced dual-energy CT urography with tin-filter technology: determinants of detection of urinary calculi in the renal collecting system. Radiology. 2012;264(1):119–125. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12110851</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coursey CA, Nelson RC, Boll DT, et al. Dual-energy multidetector CT: how does it work, what can it tell us, and when can we use it in abdominopelvic imaging? Radiographics. 2010;30(4):1037–1055. doi: 10.1148/rg.304095175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coursey C.A., Nelson R.C., Boll D.T., et al. Dual-energy multidetector CT: how does it work, what can it tell us, and when can we use it in abdominopelvic imaging? // Radiographics. 2010. Vol. 30, N 4. P. 1037–1055. doi: 10.1148/rg.304095175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Coursey CA, Nelson RC, Boll DT, et al. Dual-energy multidetector CT: how does it work, what can it tell us, and when can we use it in abdominopelvic imaging? Radiographics. 2010;30(4):1037–1055. doi: 10.1148/rg.304095175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graser A, Johnson TR, Hecht EM, et al. Dual-energy CT in patients suspected of having renal masses: can virtual nonenhanced images replace true nonenhanced images? Radiology. 2009;252(2):433–440. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522080557</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graser A., Johnson T.R., Hecht E.M., et al. Dual-energy CT in patients suspected of having renal masses: can virtual nonenhanced images replace true nonenhanced images? // Radiology. 2009. Vol. 252, N 2. P. 433–440. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522080557</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Graser A, Johnson TR, Hecht EM, et al. Dual-energy CT in patients suspected of having renal masses: can virtual nonenhanced images replace true nonenhanced images? Radiology. 2009;252(2):433–440. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2522080557</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakagawa M, Naiki T, Naiki-Ito A, et al. Usefulness of advanced monoenergetic reconstruction technique in dual-energy computed tomography for detecting bladder cancer. Jpn J Radiol. 2022;40(2):177–183. doi: 10.1007/s11604-021-01195-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakagawa M., Naiki T., Naiki-Ito A., et al. Usefulness of advanced monoenergetic reconstruction technique in dual-energy computed tomography for detecting bladder cancer // Jpn J Radiol. 2022. Vol. 40, N 2. P. 177–183. doi: 10.1007/s11604-021-01195-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Nakagawa M, Naiki T, Naiki-Ito A, et al. Usefulness of advanced monoenergetic reconstruction technique in dual-energy computed tomography for detecting bladder cancer. Jpn J Radiol. 2022;40(2):177–183. doi: 10.1007/s11604-021-01195-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel BN, Vernuccio F, Meyer M, et al. Dual-Energy CT Material Density Iodine Quantification for Distinguishing Vascular From Nonvascular Renal Lesions: Normalization Reduces Intermanufacturer Threshold Variability. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;212(2):366–376. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel B.N., Vernuccio F., Meyer M., et al. Dual-Energy CT Material Density Iodine Quantification for Distinguishing Vascular From Nonvascular Renal Lesions: Normalization Reduces Intermanufacturer Threshold Variability // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019. Vol. 212, N 2. P. 366–376. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Patel BN, Vernuccio F, Meyer M, et al. Dual-Energy CT Material Density Iodine Quantification for Distinguishing Vascular From Nonvascular Renal Lesions: Normalization Reduces Intermanufacturer Threshold Variability. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;212(2):366–376. doi: 10.2214/AJR.18.20115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Cecco CN, Darnell A, Rengo M, et al. Dual-energy CT: oncologic applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(5S):S98–S105. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cecco C.N., Darnell A., Rengo M., et al. Dual-energy CT: oncologic applications // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012. Vol. 199, N 5S. P. S98–S105. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">De Cecco CN, Darnell A, Rengo M, et al. Dual-energy CT: oncologic applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199(5S):S98–S105. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrtiska TJ, Takahashi N, Fletcher JG, et al. Genitourinary applications of dual-energy CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(6):1434–1442. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.4404</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrtiska T.J., Takahashi N., Fletcher J.G., et al. Genitourinary applications of dual-energy CT // AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010. Vol. 194, N 6. P. 1434–1442. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.4404</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Vrtiska TJ, Takahashi N, Fletcher JG, et al. Genitourinary applications of dual-energy CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(6):1434–1442. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.4404</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montatore M, Muscatella G, Eusebi L, et al. Current status on new technique and protocol in urinary stone disease. Current Radiology Reports. 2023;11:161–176. doi: 10.1007/s40134-023-00420-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montatore M., Muscatella G., Eusebi L., et al. Current status on new technique and protocol in urinary stone disease // Current Radiology Reports. 2023. Vol. 11. P. 161–176. doi: 10.1007/s40134-023-00420-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Montatore M, Muscatella G, Eusebi L, et al. Current status on new technique and protocol in urinary stone disease. Current Radiology Reports. 2023;11:161–176. doi: 10.1007/s40134-023-00420-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
