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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">626641</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD626641</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles by YOUNG SCIENTISTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МОЛОДЫЕ УЧЕНЫЕ: тезисы конференции НПКЦ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>青年科学家的文章</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Conference Abstract</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Position-force control in the identification of tissue structures using the spectrophotometric method</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Позиционно-силовой контроль при идентификации тканевых структур спектрофотометрическим методом</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-6397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belsheva</surname><given-names>Mariia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельшева</surname><given-names>Мария Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>belsheva.masha@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1787-4726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseva</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anastas_g01@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1742-2355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koleda</surname><given-names>Fedor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коледа</surname><given-names>Фёдор Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fkoleda@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3111-2379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murlina</surname><given-names>Polina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурлина</surname><given-names>Полина Валерьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pmurlina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-7359</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3522-7990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safonova</surname><given-names>Larisa P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафонова</surname><given-names>Лариса Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>larisa.safonova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1S</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-08"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-01"><day>01</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/626641">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/626641</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>Time-resolved spectrophotometry enables the contact probing of biological tissues at a depth of two millimeters to several centimeters, with a spatial resolution of one to five millimeters. This technique provides a quantitative assessment of optical parameters, concentrations of main chromophores, identification of tissue type and inclusions in the volume, which is relevant for intraoperative diagnostics [1–3]. The variability of optical properties during probe squeezing necessitates the implementation of force control of squeezing, which, like positioning, is used in robotic surgery and diagnostics [4–11]. A combined mechanical and spectrophotometric approach holds promise in this regard. However, further research is required concerning spectrophotometer setup, the development of test objects, and the determination of the possibilities of positioning-force-controlled spectrophotometry for the identification of tissues and inclusions.</p> <p>Development of approaches to active positional force control to study the functionality of spectrophotometry in identifying tissue structures.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>An experimental bench was constructed based on a two-wavelength spectrophotometer with OxiplexTS frequency approach (ISS Inc., USA). This bench allows for the position control of the optical probe using a robotic mini-manipulator (U-Arm, China). Additionally, a software program was developed to record the pressing force of the fabricated probe in a customized nozzle for the manipulator. Finally, an algorithm was proposed for processing experimental data to estimate biomechanical, optical, and physiological parameters of the tissue. A single healthy subject participated in the experimental study. Measurements were conducted on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the forearm and on the palmar surface of the hypotenar.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>The quantitative assessment of elastic properties of biological tissue can be achieved through the use of force-displacement data. The simultaneous registration of optical parameters, concentrations of hemoglobin fractions in a unit of the investigated volume, and tissue saturation in the dynamics of probe pressing allows for the estimation of microcirculatory blood flow, the revelation of the presence and type of large vessels. The standard silicone test objects used for spectrophotometer calibration do not align with the mechanical properties of biological tissues. Given the diminutive dimensions of the optical probe, this discrepancy introduces an additional degree of uncertainty in the quantitative assessment of tissue properties.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS: </italic></bold>The addition of active force control and automated positioning of the optical probe during spectrophotometry enhances its functional capabilities for identifying tissue structures and expands its applications in robotic pre-, intra- and post-operative diagnostics. For further studies on a larger number of tissues, tissue structures and mimicking tissue test objects, an improvement of the experimental bench is required: increase of the sensitivity of the force sensor, smoothness and discreteness of the motion during positioning, e.g. by replacing the mini manipulator by a collaborative robot. The improvement of the software part implies the implementation of synchronization with OxiplexTS through its input interface module, writing a program for automatic surface scanning.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Спектрофотометрия с временным разрешением обеспечивает контактное зондирование биологических тканей на глубину от двух миллиметров до нескольких сантиметров с пространственным разрешением от одного до пяти миллиметров. При этом осуществляется количественная оценка оптических показателей, концентраций основных хромофоров, идентификация типа ткани и включений в объёме, что актуально для интраоперационной диагностики [1–3]. Изменчивость оптических свойств при сдавливании зондом определяет необходимость силового контроля прижатия, что, как и позиционирование, используется в роботизированной хирургии и диагностике [4–11], где перспективна реализация сочетанного механического и спектрофотометрического подхода. Однако требуются дополнительные исследования, касающиеся настройки спектрофотометра, разработки тест-объектов, определения возможностей спектрофотометрии с позиционно-силовым контролем для идентификации тканей и включений.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — разработка подходов к активному позиционно-силовому контролю для исследования функциональных возможностей спектрофотометрии в идентификации тканевых структур.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Подготовлен экспериментальный стенд на основе двухволнового спектрофотометра с частотным подходом OxiplexTS (ISS Inc., США) с возможностью позиционного контроля оптического зонда с помощью роботизированного мини-манипулятора (U-Arm, Китай). Разработано программное обеспечение для регистрации силы прижатия изготовленного зонда в индивидуальной насадке для манипулятора. Предложен алгоритм обработки экспериментальных данных для оценки биомеханических, оптических и физиологических параметров ткани. В тестовом экспериментальном исследовании принимал участие один здоровый испытуемый. Измерения проводились на тыльной и внутренней поверхностях предплечья и на гипотенаре ладони.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Данные сила–перемещение позволяют количественно оценивать упругие свойства исследуемой биологической ткани. Одномоментно регистрируемые, в динамике прижатия зонда, оптические показатели, концентрации фракций гемоглобина в единице исследуемого объёма и тканевая сатурация позволяют оценить микроциркуляторный кровоток, выявить наличие и тип крупных сосудов. Применяемые для настройки спектрофотометра стандартные силиконовые тест-объекты не соответствуют биотканям по механическим свойствам, что при малых габаритах оптического зонда вносит дополнительную неопределённость в количественные оценки свойств тканей.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Добавление активного силового контроля и автоматизированного позиционирования оптического зонда при спектрофотометрии позволяет увеличить её функциональные возможности для идентификации тканевых структур, расширить её области применения в роботизированной пред-, интра- и постоперационной диагностике. Для дальнейших исследований большего количества тканей, тканевых структур и имитирующих их разрабатываемых тест-объектов требуется усовершенствование экспериментального стенда: увеличение чувствительности датчика силы, плавности и дискретности хода при позиционировании, например, заменой мини-манипулятора коллаборативным роботом. Улучшение программной части предполагает реализацию синхронизации с OxiplexTS через его интерфейсный модуль ввода, написание программы для автоматического сканирования поверхности.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>force control</kwd><kwd>optical properties</kwd><kwd>mechanical properties</kwd><kwd>biotissue</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>силовой контроль</kwd><kwd>оптические свойства</kwd><kwd>механические свойства</kwd><kwd>биоткань</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fantini S, Sassaroli A. Frequency-domain techniques for cerebral and functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2020;14:300. doi: 10.3389/fnins. 2020.00300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fantini S., Sassaroli A. 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