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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634885</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD634885</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects of machine learning applications in affective disorders</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы применения методов машинного обучения при аффективных расстройствах</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>机器学习方法在情感障碍中的应用前景</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2814</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6077-3386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mosolova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мосолова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mosolova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kata_mosolova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9064-7881</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4354-7081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alfimov</surname><given-names>Alexander E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алфимов</surname><given-names>Александр Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Alfimov</surname><given-names>Alexander E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>alex.alfimov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-1412</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6510-3969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyukova</surname><given-names>Elena G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюкова</surname><given-names>Елена Григорьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kostyukova</surname><given-names>Elena G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>ekostukova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-3964</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3009-9162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mosolov</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мосолов</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mosolov</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>profmosolov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии имени В.П. Сербского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-01-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/634885">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/634885</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Mental disorders are a significant medical and social issue globally. Currently, approximately 970 million individuals suffer from mental disorders, with over 300 million diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder. Recently, there has been significant advancement in digital technologies, particularly in artificial intelligence, encompassing machine learning and deep learning. Given the growing interest in their use in psychiatry and the need to develop new approaches to psychiatric care. This review explores the current and promising directions for the application of artificial intelligence technologies in clinical practice, focusing on patients with depression and bipolar disorder.</p> <p>A literature search was conducted from January to February 2024 in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLibrary using the following keywords: «психиатрия» ("psychiatry"), «психическое здоровье» ("mental health"), «психическое расстройство» ("psychiatric disorder"), «депрессия» ("depression"), «депрессивный эпизод» ("depressive episode"), «рекуррентное депрессивное расстройство» ("recurrent brief depression"), «биполярное расстройство» ("bipolar disorder"), «машинное обучение» ("machine learning"), «глубокое обучение» ("deep learning"), «искусственный интеллект» ("artificial intelligence"); "psychiatry", "mental health", "psychiatric disorder", "depression", "depressive episode", "major depressive disorder", "bipolar disorder", "machine learning", "deep learning", "artificial intelligence". Studies on the use of artificial intelligence technologies in patients with depression and bipolar disorders and review articles discussing the difficulties of their application in psychiatry were excluded. Publications in Russian and English in the past 10 years were selected.</p> <p>The most commonly used machine learning models for diagnosing patients with affective disorders utilize neuroimaging data (primarily magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography), text, audio, and video data and data from electronic devices, molecular-genetic markers, and clinical indicators. The models were trained using mono- or multimodal datasets. Notably, many of the reviewed studies have significant limitations, making the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in clinical practice challenging. These include small sample sizes, low representativeness and standardization, inclusion of “noise” and correlated variables, and absence of validation using independent datasets.</p> <p>Studies on machine learning methods have demonstrated promising results in the early diagnosis of affective episodes and in predicting treatment responses. However, their clinical application is limited, owing to insufficient validation. Well-designed prospective cohort studies and the creation of extensive, high-quality datasets and models capable of uncovering new relationships between variables are required to address this limitation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Психические расстройства являются одной из важнейших медико-социальных проблем современности. Сегодня около 970 млн человек страдают психическими расстройствами, из которых более 300 млн имеют диагноз депрессии или биполярного расстройства. В последние годы наблюдают бурное развитие цифровых технологий, в особенности искусственного интеллекта, к которым относят машинное и глубокое обучение, в связи с возрастающим интересом к их использованию в психиатрии, а также актуальностью разработки новых подходов к организации психиатрической помощи. В настоящем обзоре продемонстрированы текущие и перспективные направления развития технологий искусственного интеллекта в клинической практике на примере пациентов c депрессией и биполярным расстройством.</p> <p>Поиск литературы осуществляли в период с января по февраль 2024 года в поисковых системах PubMed, Google Scholar и eLibrary с использованием ключевых слов и словосочетаний: «психиатрия», «психическое здоровье», «психическое расстройство», «депрессия», «депрессивный эпизод», «рекуррентное депрессивное расстройство», «биполярное расстройство», «машинное обучение», «глубокое обучение», «искусственный интеллект»; «psychiatry», «mental health», «psychiatric disorder», «depression», «depressive episode», «major depressive disorder», «bipolar disorder», «machine learning», «deep learning», «artificial intelligence». В обзор выключены работы, посвящённые использованию технологий искусственного интеллекта у пациентов с депрессией и биполярными расстройством, а также обзорные статьи, рассматривающие трудности их применения в психиатрии. Отобраны публикации на русском и английском языках за последние 10 лет.</p> <p>Наиболее часто для моделей машинного обучения с целью диагностики пациентов с аффективными расстройствами используют нейровизуализационные (преимущественно данные магнитно-резонансной томография и электроэнцефалографии), текстовые, аудио- и видеоданные, а также данные электронных устройств, молекулярногенетические и клинические показатели. Для обучения моделей используют моно- или мультимодальные наборы данных. Следует отметить, что большая часть проанализированных работ имеет существенные недостатки, что затрудняет внедрение технологий искусственного интеллекта в клиническую практику. Среди них выделяют: небольшой размер выборок, их низкую репрезентативность и стандартизацию, включение в модели «шума» и коррелирующих между собой переменных, отсутствие проверки моделей на независимых выборках.</p> <p>Таким образом, исследования методов машинного обучения показали перспективные результаты для ранней диагностики аффективных эпизодов, а также при прогнозировании ответа на терапию. Однако их использование в клинической практике имеет ряд ограничений, в первую очередь связанных с недостаточной валидацией. Для решения данной проблемы необходимы хорошо спланированные проспективные когортные исследования, а также создание обширных качественных баз с наборами данных и моделей, способных выявлять новые связи между переменными.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>精神障碍是当今最重要的医学和社会问题之一。目前，大约有9.7亿人患有精神障碍，其中超过3亿人被诊断为抑郁症或双相情感障碍。近年来，数字技术，尤其是人工智能，特别是机器学习和深度学习，得到了迅速发展。鉴于其在精神病学中的应用日益受到关注，并且开发新的精神卫生服务方法日益成为迫切问题。</p> <p>本文展示了人工智能技术在临床实践中的当前和未来发展方向，特别是应用于抑郁症和双相情感障碍患者的实例。文献检索在2024年1月至2月期间，通过PubMed、Google Scholar和eLibrary等搜索引擎进行，使用俄文的关键词包括：“психиатрия” (精神病学), “психическое здоровье” (心理健康), “психическое расстройство” (精神障碍), “депрессия” (抑郁症), “депрессивный эпизод” (抑郁发作), “рекуррентное депрессивное расстройство” (复发性抑郁障碍), “биполярное расстройство” (双相情感障碍), “машинное обучение” (机器学习), “глубокое обучение” (深度学习) 和 “искусственный интеллект” (人工智能)；以及英文关键词：“psychiatry” (精神病学)、“mental health” (心理健康)、“psychiatric disorder” (精神障碍)、“depression” (抑郁症)、“depressive episode” (抑郁发作)、“major depressive disorder” (重度抑郁症)、“bipolar disorder” (双相情感障碍)、“machine learning” (机器学习)、“deep learning” (深度学习)、“artificial intelligence” (人工智能)。排除了关于人工智能技术应用于抑郁症和双相情感障碍患者的文章，以及讨论其在精神病学中应用困难的综述文章。所选文献为过去10年内的俄语和英语出版物。最常用于情感障碍患者诊断的机器学习模型基于神经影像学（主要是磁共振成像和脑电图）、文本、音频、视频数据，以及电子设备、分子遗传学和临床指标。模型训练使用单模态或多模态数据集。需要指出的是，大多数分析过的研究存在显著缺陷，阻碍了人工智能技术在临床实践中的应用。这些缺陷包括：样本量小、缺乏代表性和标准化、模型中存在“噪声”以及相关变量的干扰，缺乏在独立样本上的验证。因此，机器学习方法在早期诊断情感障碍发作以及预测治疗反应方面展现了前景。然而，它们在临床实践中的应用仍面临一系列限制，主要与验证不足相关。为了解决这一问题，需要进行精心设计的前瞻性队列研究，并建立广泛的高质量数据集和模型库，以发现变量之间的新关联。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>psychiatry</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>recurrent depressive disorder</kwd><kwd>bipolar disorder</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd><kwd>психиатрия</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>рекуррентное депрессивное расстройство</kwd><kwd>биполярное расстройство</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>人工智能</kwd><kwd>机器学习</kwd><kwd>深度学习</kwd><kwd>精神病学</kwd><kwd>抑郁症</kwd><kwd>复发性抑郁障碍</kwd><kwd>双相情感障碍</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124020800062-5</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Oleynikova TA, Barybina ES. 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