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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">637445</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD637445</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NYKFGN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创性科研成果</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Consensus-based labeling algorithms for texture analysis of prostate lesions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Алгоритмизация консенсусной разметки очаговых изменений простаты для проведения текстурного анализа</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>前列腺局灶性病变共识标注的算法化用于纹理分析</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1557-0374</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8204-5924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanenko</surname><given-names>Maria O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романенко</surname><given-names>Мария Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Romanenko</surname><given-names>Maria O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>RomanenkoMO@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-3768</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5789-0319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kodenko</surname><given-names>Maria R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коденко</surname><given-names>Мария Романовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kodenko</surname><given-names>Maria R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>KodenkoM@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-2202</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4841-3234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gelezhe</surname><given-names>Pavel B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гележе</surname><given-names>Павел Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gelezhe</surname><given-names>Pavel B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine);</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine);</p></bio><email>gelezhe.pavel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2681-9378</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3306-1387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blokhin</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блохин</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Blokhin</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>BlokhinIA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-0254</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8592-0558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетников</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><email>ReshetnikovRV1@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">European Medical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Европейский медицинский центр</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">European Medical Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>373</fpage><lpage>384</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-24"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-25"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/637445">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/637445</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><bold> </bold>Texture analysis improves the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and differential diagnosis of prostate lesions, which are primarily segmented through manual labeling, resulting in significant inter-expert variability of masks. A consensus-based technique can help reduce inconsistencies in prostate lesion segmentation. However, global scientific studies have not described any standardized, consensus-based labeling protocols.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><bold> </bold>This study aimed to develop a consensus algorithm for manual labeling of prostate lesions by several independent experts and evaluate inter-expert consistency in lesion segmentation.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold><bold> </bold>This retrospective study included 60 biparametric magnetic resonance imaging scans of the prostate gland performed according to PI-RADS 2.1 technical specification. The scans showed PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5 lesions. Two independent radiologists manually segmented the prostate lesions using 3D Slicer. Then, the resulting masks were compared using the Dice–Sørensen coefficient (DSC). For lesions with DSC ≥ 0.75, the final mask was based on the overlap between the two original masks. Conversely, for lesions with DSC &lt; 0.75, the final mask was determined using the proposed consensus algorithm.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><bold> </bold>The proposed consensus algorithm significantly increased the DSC values, from 0.61 [0.48; 0.73] for primary labeling to 0.74 [0.62; 0.79] for labeling using the proposed algorithm (p = 0.01).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><bold> </bold>The proposed consensus-based algorithm for labeling prostate lesions using magnetic resonance imaging data is crucial in addressing inadequate approaches to objective segmentation in research and clinical settings.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold><bold> </bold>Текстурный анализ позволяет повысить диагностическую точность магнитно-резонансной томографии и улучшить дифференциальную диагностику очаговых изменений простаты. Основным методом их сегментации для проведения текстурного анализа является ручная разметка, для которой характерна значительная вариабельность масок между разметчиками. Для уменьшения расхождений при сегментации патологических очагов простаты можно использовать метод консенсуса. Однако в мировой литературе не представлено стандартизированных протоколов консенсусной разметки.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold><bold> </bold>Разработать алгоритм формирования консенсуса при независимой ручной разметке патологических очагов простаты несколькими экспертами, оценить согласованность экспертов при сегментации её очаговых изменений.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold><bold> </bold>В ретроспективное исследование включено 60 результатов бипараметрической магнитно-резонансной томографии простаты, выполненной в соответствии с технической спецификацией PI-RADS 2.1, с гистологически верифицированными патологическими очагами, соответствующими категориям PI-RADS 3, 4 и 5. Два эксперта-рентгенолога независимо друг от друга сегментировали очаги простаты ручным методом в программном обеспечении 3D Slicer. Полученные маски сопоставляли между собой с подсчётом коэффициента сходства Сёренсена–Дайса. Для очагов с коэффициентом, равным 0,75 и выше, в качестве итоговой принимали пересечение двух исходных масок. Для очагов с коэффициентом сходства Сёренсена–Дайса ниже порогового значения итоговую маску определяли с использованием разработанного алгоритма консенсуса.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold><bold> </bold>Разработанный алгоритм достижения консенсуса позволил статистически значимо увеличить значение коэффициента сходства Сёренсена–Дайса с 0,61 [0,48; 0,73] при первичной разметки до 0,74 [0,62; 0,79] при использовании предложенного алгоритма (<italic>p</italic>=0,01).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold><bold> </bold>Разработанный алгоритм консенсусной разметки очаговых изменений простаты по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии является важным вкладом в решение проблемы недостаточной проработанности подходов к объективной сегментации в научной и клинической практике.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证：纹理分析有助于提高磁共振成像的诊断准确性，并改善前列腺局灶性病变的鉴别诊断。目前用于纹理分析的主要分割方法是人工标注，但不同标注者之间掩膜差异较大。为减少前列腺病灶分割时的差异，可采用共识方法。然而，现有国际文献中尚无标准化的共识标注流程。</p> <p>目的：制定一套在多位专家独立人工标注前列腺病灶后形成共识的算法，并评估专家在前列腺局灶性病变分割中的一致性。</p> <p>方法：本研究为回顾性研究，纳入60例符合PI-RADS 2.1技术规范的双参数前列腺磁共振成像检查结果，所有病例均有组织学证实的病灶，分级为PI-RADS 3、4或5。两名放射科专家使用3D Slicer软件独立进行人工病灶分割。所得掩膜相互比较，并计算Sørensen–Dice相似系数。对于相似系数≥0.75的病灶，最终掩膜采用两者交集。对于Sørensen–Dice相似系数低于阈值的病灶，最终掩膜采用所制定的共识算法确定。</p> <p>结果：应用所制定的共识达成算法后，Sørensen–Dice相似系数由初始标注时的0.61 [0.48; 0.73]显著提高至0.74 [0.62; 0.79]（<italic>p</italic>=0.01）。</p> <p>结论：所制定的前列腺局灶性病变磁共振成像共识标注算法，是解决科研及临床实践中客观分割方法不足问题的重要贡献。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>prostate lesions</kwd><kwd>segmentation</kwd><kwd>consensus</kwd><kwd>PI-RADS</kwd><kwd>radiomics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>очаговые изменения простаты</kwd><kwd>сегментация</kwd><kwd>консенсус</kwd><kwd>PI-RADS</kwd><kwd>радиомика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>磁共振成像</kwd><kwd>前列腺局灶性病变</kwd><kwd>分割</kwd><kwd>共识</kwd><kwd>PI-RADS</kwd><kwd>影像组学</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow City Health Department</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">莫斯科市卫生局</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1196</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was prepared as part of the Scientific Justification of Radiology Modalities for Tumor Diseases Using Radiomics Analysis research project (Unified State Information Accounting System No. 123031500005-2), in accordance with Order of the Moscow City Health Department No. 1196 On Approval of State Assignments Funded by the Budget of the City of Moscow for State Budgetary (Autonomous) Institutions Under the Jurisdiction of the Moscow City Health Department for 2023 and the planned period of 2024–2025, dated December 21, 2022.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная статья подготовлена авторским коллективом в рамках научно-исследовательской работы «Научное обоснование методов лучевой диагностики опухолевых заболеваний с использованием радиомического анализа», (ЕГИСУ: № 123031500005-2) в соответствии с Приказом от 21.12.2022 № 1196 «Об утверждении государственных заданий, финансовое обеспечение которых осуществляется за счёт средств бюджета города Москвы государственным бюджетным (автономным) учреждениям подведомственным Департаменту здравоохранения города Москвы, на 2023 год и плановый период 2024 и 2025 годов» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">This article was prepared as part of the Scientific Justification of Radiology Modalities for Tumor Diseases Using Radiomics Analysis research project (Unified State Information Accounting System No. 123031500005-2), in accordance with Order of the Moscow City Health Department No. 1196 On Approval of State Assignments Funded by the Budget of the City of Moscow for State Budgetary (Autonomous) Institutions Under the Jurisdiction of the Moscow City Health Department for 2023 and the planned period of 2024–2025, dated December 21, 2022.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Smith CP, Harmon SA, Barrett T, et al. 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