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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643523</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD643523</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZEBGAF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Determination of bone age based on hand radiography: from classical methods to artificial intelligence (a review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Определение костного возраста по данным рентгенографии кисти: от классических методик к искусственному интеллекту (научный обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>基于手部X线片的骨龄评估：从经典方法到人工智能 （文献综述）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8730-883X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9305-7875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reznikov</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Резников</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Reznikov</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>reznik.m.d@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9824-6073</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2821-5979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuligovskiy</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулиговский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Вадимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kuligovskiy</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rock_100@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-9371</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7829-5461</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorontsova</surname><given-names>Inna G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронцова</surname><given-names>Инна Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vorontsova</surname><given-names>Inna G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vorontsova-inna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-4682</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6193-1656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petraikin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петряйкин</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Petraikin</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>alexeypetraikin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-2378</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5997-7464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petryaykina</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петряйкина</surname><given-names>Елена Ефимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Petryaykina</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>lepet_morozko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8537-8991</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeev</surname><given-names>Alexander E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеев</surname><given-names>Александр Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gordeev</surname><given-names>Alexander E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>almanelis.dev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-7649</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7463-4645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varyukhina</surname><given-names>Maria D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варюхина</surname><given-names>Мария Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Varyukhina</surname><given-names>Maria D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>VaryukhinaMD@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3636-2889</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2274-6428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Erizhokov</surname><given-names>Rustam A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерижоков</surname><given-names>Рустам Арсеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Erizhokov</surname><given-names>Rustam A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>npcmr@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-4431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8948-6152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Omelyanskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омелянская</surname><given-names>Ольга Васильевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Omelyanskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>OmelyanskayaOV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7736</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3602-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladzymyrskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владзимирский</surname><given-names>Антон Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vladzymyrskyy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>VladzimirskijAV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Children's Clinical Hospital — branch of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская детская клиническая больница — филиал Российского национального исследовательского медицинского университета имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Children's Clinical Hospital — branch of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Children's Clinical Hospital — branch of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская детская клиническая больница — филиал Российского национального исследовательского медицинского университета имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Morozov Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Morozov Children's Municipal Clinical Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff8"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>302</fpage><lpage>316</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-24"><day>24</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/643523">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/643523</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bone age assessment methods are crucial in diagnosing diseases associated with growth and developmental disorders, especially in pediatric practice. These methods have advantages and limitations, and their accuracy may vary depending on population-specific characteristics.</p> <p>This article outlines the current state and potential of bone age assessment methods, including solutions based on artificial intelligence technologies.</p> <p>Scientific data on bone age assessment over the past 10 years were explored using PubMed and eLibrary. Earlier publications that serve as reference points in the development of bone age assessment methodology—such as atlases, guidelines, and relevant studies—were included. Publications addressing the prevalence and practical use of various bone age assessment techniques, including radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and artificial intelligence, were prioritized. The search was performed using the following keywords: bone age, bone age assessment, radiography, artificial intelligence, deep learning, growth development, AI, костный возраст (bone age), рентгенография (radiography), and искусственный интеллект (artificial intelligence).</p> <p>This review demonstrates the wide range of existing bone age assessment methods and emphasizes the importance of new technologies such as artificial intelligence in improving diagnostic accuracy. Modern automated techniques show potential for optimizing diagnostic workflows in pediatric care and contribute to the early detection of growth and developmental disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Методики оценки костного возраста играют ключевую роль в диагностике заболеваний, связанных с нарушениями роста и развития, особенно в педиатрической практике. Они имеют как преимущества, так и ограничения, а их точность может варьировать в зависимости от популяционных особенностей.</p> <p>В статье описано текущее состояние и обозначены перспективы развития методик оценки костного возраста, включая решения с использованием технологий искусственного интеллекта.</p> <p>Поиск релевантной литературы за последние 10 лет по теме оценки костного возраста выполняли с использованием поисковых систем PubMed и eLibrary. Кроме того, включены более ранние работы, представляющие важные ориентиры в развитии методологии оценки костного возраста, включая атласы, руководства и соответствующие исследования. Основное внимание уделяли публикациям, рассматривающим распространённость и практическое применение различных методов оценки костного возраста, включая рентгенографию, ультразвуковое исследование, компьютерную и магнитно-резонансную томографию, а также технологии искусственного интеллекта. Поиск осуществляли с использованием ключевых слов: «bone age», «bone age assessment», «radiography», «artificial intelligence», «deep learning», «growth development», «AI», «костный возраст», «рентгенография», «искусственный интеллект».</p> <p>Представленный обзор демонстрирует широкий спектр методик оценки костного возраста и подчёркивает значимость новых технологий, таких как искусственный интеллект, для повышения точности диагностики. Современные автоматизированные методы показывают высокий потенциал для совершенствования диагностического процесса в педиатрической практике и могут способствовать раннему выявлению патологий, связанных с нарушениями роста и развития.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>骨龄评估方法在诊断与生长发育障碍相关疾病中发挥关键作用，特别是在儿科实践中尤为重要。尽管这些方法各有优缺点，其准确性可能因人群特征而异。</p> <p>本文介绍了骨龄评估方法的现状，并探讨其未来发展方向，包括基于人工智能技术的解决方案。</p> <p>过去10年关于骨龄评估主题的相关文献是通过PubMed和eLibrary检索系统获取的。此外，也纳入了部分较早发表的文献，这些文献在骨龄评估方法的发展中具有重要参考价值，包括骨龄图谱、指南和相关研究。重点关注的是探讨骨龄评估方法的普及程度及其实际应用的相关文献，所涵盖的方法包括X线检查、超声检查、计算机断层扫描、磁共振成像以及人工智能技术。检索关键词包括：“bone age”（骨龄）、“bone age assessment”（骨龄评估）、 “radiography”（X线检查）、“artificial intelligence”（人工智能）、“deep learning”（深度学习）、“growth development”（生长发育）、“AI”（人工智能）、 “костный возраст”（骨龄）、“рентгенография”（X线检查）、“искусственный интеллект”（人工智能）。</p> <p>本综述显示，骨龄评估方法种类繁多，人工智能等新兴技术在提高诊断准确性方面具有重要意义。现代自动化方法在儿科诊断流程优化方面展现出巨大潜力，有望促进生长发育障碍相关疾病的早期发现。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone age</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>hand radiography</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>костный возраст</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>рентгенография кисти</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>骨龄</kwd><kwd>人工智能</kwd><kwd>手部X线片</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow City Health Department</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1196</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gilsanz V, Ratib O. 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