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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690521</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD690521</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BRVMFB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические случаи и серии клинических случаев</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>临床病例及临床病例的系列</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Beyond skin deep: unraveling breast neurofibromatosis (a case report)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>За пределами кожных проявлений: нейрофиброматоз молочной железы (клинический случай)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>超越皮肤表现：乳腺神经纤维瘤病（临床病例）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2808-5708</contrib-id><name><surname>Balbino</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>marinabalbino93@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1526-5047</contrib-id><name><surname>Montatore</surname><given-names>Manuela</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>manuela.montatore@unifg.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4289-3289</contrib-id><name><surname>Masino</surname><given-names>Federica</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>federicamasino@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-2898</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Carpagnano</surname><given-names>Francesca A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Carpagnano</surname><given-names>Francesca Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Carpagnano</surname><given-names>Francesca A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>c.francesca1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-8330</contrib-id><name><surname>Guglielmi</surname><given-names>Giuseppe</given-names></name><address><country country="IT">Italy</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Professor</p></bio><email>giuseppe.guglielmi@unifg.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Foggia University School of Medicine</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>Dimiccoli Hospital</institution></aff><aff id="aff3"><institution>IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/690521">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/690521</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of benign and, occasionally, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Although cutaneous manifestations are well described, breast involvement is rare and may mimic other benign or malignant breast lesions, posing a significant diagnostic challenge.</p> <p>We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with a known history of neurofibromatosis type 1 who presented with a progressively enlarging, palpable mass in her left breast. Ultrasound imaging demonstrated a well-circumscribed, heterogeneous hypoechoic lesion, whereas mammography revealed a poorly defined mass within dense breast parenchyma. Histopathological examination following surgical excision confirmed the diagnosis of a neurofibroma composed of spindle-shaped Schwann cells with diffuse S-100 protein positivity and no evidence of cytological atypia.</p> <p>Surgical excision was performed for symptom relief and cosmetic reasons, resulting in complete resolution of symptoms and a satisfactory aesthetic outcome. This case highlights the importance of considering neurofibromatosis during the differential diagnosis of breast masses, particularly in patients with verified neurofibromatosis type 1. Increased awareness of this rare manifestation allows timely diagnosis, appropriate surgical planning, and adequate genetic counseling.</p> <p>Updated recommendations for breast surveillance—such as annual contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging between the ages of 30 and 50 according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2025 guidelines—and new therapeutic options, including MEK inhibitors for symptomatic neurofibromas, should be considered in the comprehensive management of neurofibromatosis type 1 patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Нейрофиброматоз 1-го типа — аутосомно-доминантное заболевание, характеризующееся развитием доброкачественных, а иногда и злокачественных опухолей оболочек периферических нервов. Несмотря на то что кожные проявления заболевания хорошо описаны, поражение молочной железы встречается редко и может имитировать как доброкачественные, так и злокачественные её образования, что создаёт значительные диагностические трудности.</p> <p>Мы представляем клинический случай 55-летней женщины с установленным диагнозом нейрофиброматоза 1-го типа, обратившейся с постепенно увеличивающимся пальпируемым образованием в левой молочной железе. При ультразвуковом исследовании выявлено хорошо отграниченное гетерогенное гипоэхогенное образование; при маммографии определяли нечётко контурированное образование в плотной паренхиме молочной железы. Гистологическое исследование после хирургического удаления подтвердило диагноз нейрофибромы, представленной веретеновидными шванновскими клетками с диффузной экспрессией белка S-100 и без признаков цитологической атипии.</p> <p>Хирургическое удаление выполнили с целью устранения симптомов и по косметическим показаниям, что привело к их полному регрессу и удовлетворительному эстетическому результату. Данный клинический случай подчёркивает необходимость учитывать нейрофиброматоз в дифференциальной диагностике образований молочной железы, особенно у пациенток с подтверждённым нейрофиброматозом 1-го типа. Повышение осведомлённости о данном редком проявлении заболевания способствует своевременной диагностике, оптимальному планированию хирургического лечения и проведению адекватного генетического консультирования.</p> <p>В комплексном ведении пациенток с нейрофиброматозом 1-го типа следует также учитывать современные рекомендации по наблюдению за состоянием молочных желёз — например, ежегодное проведение магнитно-резонансной томографии с контрастом в возрасте от 30 до 50 лет согласно рекомендациям National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2025 года — а также новые терапевтические подходы, включая применение ингибиторов MEK при симптоматических нейрофибромах.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>1型神经纤维瘤病是一种常染色体显性遗传疾病，其特征是外周神经鞘发生良性肿瘤，有时也会发生恶性肿瘤。尽管该病的皮肤表现已得到充分描述，但乳腺受累较为罕见，并且可能模仿良性和恶性乳腺病变，这给诊断带来了显著困难。</p> <p>我们报告一例55岁女性确诊为1型神经纤维瘤病的临床病例，患者因左乳腺可触及肿块逐渐增大而就诊。超声检查显示边界清楚、不均匀的低回声病灶；乳腺X线摄影显示在致密的乳腺实质内有一个轮廓不清的病灶。手术切除后的组织学检查证实了神经纤维瘤的诊断，表现为梭形施万细胞弥漫性表达S-100蛋白，且无细胞学异型性。</p> <p>出于消除症状和整容目的进行了手术切除，导致症状完全消退和满意的美学效果。本临床病例强调了在乳腺病变的鉴别诊断中，特别是在确诊1型神经纤维瘤病的女性患者中，需要考虑神经纤维瘤病。提高对该疾病罕见表现的认识有助于及时诊断、优化手术治疗计划并进行适当的遗传咨询。</p> <p>在1型神经纤维瘤病女性的综合管理中，还应考虑现代乳腺状态监测建议——例如，根据2025年国家综合癌症网络（NCCN）指南，对30至50岁女性进行年度对比增强磁共振成像，以及新的治疗方法，包括对有症状的神经纤维瘤使用MEK抑制剂。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurofibromatosis type 1</kwd><kwd>breast neurofibroma</kwd><kwd>breast tumors</kwd><kwd>ultrasound imaging</kwd><kwd>surgical excision</kwd><kwd>case report</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейрофиброматоз 1-го типа</kwd><kwd>нейрофиброма молочной железы</kwd><kwd>опухоли молочной железы</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>хирургическое удаление</kwd><kwd>клинический случай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>1型神经纤维瘤病</kwd><kwd>乳腺神经纤维瘤</kwd><kwd>乳腺肿瘤</kwd><kwd>超声检查</kwd><kwd>手术切除</kwd><kwd>临床病例</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rotili A, De Maria F, Di Venosa B, et al. 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