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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Digital Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Digital Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Digital Diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2712-8490</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-8962</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693591</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/DD693591</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GGDPJM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创性科研成果</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Machine learning methods for recognizing surgical site infection in trauma and orthopedic patients: a cross-sectional study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение методов машинного обучения для распознавания инфекции области хирургического вмешательства у пациентов травматолого-ортопедического профиля: одномоментное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>创伤骨科患者手术部位感染识别的机器学习方法比较：横断面研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-2887</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1402-5186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Антон Герасимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciencesд-р мед. наук, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>nazarenkoag@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-6195</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2037-7164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleymenova</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клеймёнова</surname><given-names>Елена Борисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kleymenova</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Рrofessor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Рrofessor</p></bio><email>KleymenovaEB@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-943X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3378-7234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Molodchenkov</surname><given-names>Alexey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Молодченков</surname><given-names>Алексей Игоревич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Molodchenkov</surname><given-names>Alexey I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering)</p></bio><email>aim@isa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-2321</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7686-2123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbatyuk</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбатюк</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gorbatyuk</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>GorbatyukDS@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2778-0561</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Enikeev</surname><given-names>Azat D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еникеев</surname><given-names>Азат Дамирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Enikeev</surname><given-names>Azat D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>azatmag@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-3539</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2985-2951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kislyakov</surname><given-names>Valery A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисляков</surname><given-names>Валерий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kislyakov</surname><given-names>Valery A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Рrofessor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Рrofessor</p></bio><email>vakislakov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-0056</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1910-0484</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yashina</surname><given-names>Liubov P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яшина</surname><given-names>Любовь Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Yashina</surname><given-names>Liubov P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>YashinaLP@cito-priorov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov Central Institute for Trauma and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Priorov Central Institute for Trauma and Orthopedics</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital named after A.K. Eramishantsev</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница имени А.К. Ерамишанцев</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">City Clinical Hospital named after A.K. Eramishantsev</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-17"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/693591">https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/693591</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Surgical site infections are common postoperative complications that often develop after hospital discharge. Timely diagnosis and optimal treatment choice are crucial for clinical success and cost-effectiveness in surgical site infection treatment. Computer vision and artificial intelligence methods have demonstrated their effectiveness in analyzing chronic wounds, but their applicability to postoperative wound assessment remains poorly understood.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To compare the diagnostic accuracy of various machine learning models for the classification of surgical wound images to determine the presence or absence of surgical site infections in trauma and orthopedic patients.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study included patients aged ≥18 years who were hospitalized at two clinical centers for joint replacement, metal osteosynthesis, spine decompression-stabilization, or other interventions, or for the treatment of surgical site infections following these procedures. The following machine learning algorithms were used for infection recognition: support vector machines (SVMs), logistic regression (LR), random forests (RF), convolutional neural networks (VGG16 + CNN), and a model with an attention mechanism (YOLO 11s-cls).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The study group included 183 patients with surgical site infections, and the control group consisted of 115 patients without surgical site infections. A total of 512 surgical wound images (292 with surgical site infection and 220 without infection) obtained from 298 patients were included in the study. After augmentation, the training set comprised approximately 2500 images. The YOLO 11s-cls model demonstrated the best metrics on the test set: sensitivity 91.2%, accuracy 91%; F1-score 89%. However, the differences between this model and the VGG16 + CNN neural network in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were not significant. For the remainig models, sensitivity ranged from 69.6% (RF) to 87% (VGG16 + CNN), accuracy ranged from 68% (RF) to 85% (VGG16 + CNN), and F1-score ranged from 66% (RF) to 83% (VGG16 + CNN).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The potential of using machine learning methods for remote monitoring of surgical wounds in trauma and orthopedic patients was confirmed. The developed models can be used to create a multimodal system for assessing and monitoring wound infection after surgical interventions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Инфекции области хирургического вмешательства — это распространённые послеоперационные осложнения, которые нередко развиваются после выписки пациента из стационара. Своевременная диагностика и выбор оптимальной тактики лечения — залог клинического успеха и экономической эффективности лечения инфекций области хирургического вмешательства. Методы компьютерного зрения и искусственного интеллекта продемонстрировали свою эффективность в отношении анализа хронических ран, однако их применимость для оценки послеоперационных ран остаётся малоизученной.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Сравнительный анализ различных моделей машинного обучения при решении задачи классификации изображений хирургических ран на наличие или отсутствие инфекции области хирургического вмешательства у пациентов травматолого-ортопедического профиля.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В исследование включали пациентов в возрасте ≥18 лет, госпитализированных в два клинических центра для выполнения эндопротезирования суставов, металлоостеосинтеза, декомпрессивно-стабилизирующих операций на позвоночнике и других вмешательств либо для лечения инфекции области хирургического вмешательства после указанных операций. Для распознавания инфекции использованы модели, созданные с применением методов машинного обучения: метод опорных векторов (SVM), логистическая регрессия (LR), «случайный лес» (RF), свёрточная нейронная сеть на основе архитектуры VGG-16 (VGG-16 + CNN), а также модель с механизмом внимания (YOLO 11s-cls).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Основную группу составили 183 пациента с инфекцией области хирургического вмешательства, контрольную — 115 пациентов без неё. В исследование включено 512 изображений хирургических ран (292 с инфекцией области хирургического вмешательства и 220 без неё), полученных от 298 пациентов. После аугментации обучающая выборка составила около 2500 изображений. Лучшие метрики на тестовой выборке имела модель YOLO 11s-cls: чувствительность, точность и F1-score составили 91,2, 91 и 89% соответственно, однако по показателям чувствительности, специфичности и точности различия между данной моделью и нейросетью VGG-16 + CNN были статистически незначимы. Для остальных моделей чувствительность варьировала от 69,6 (RF) до 87% (VGG-16 + CNN), точность — от 68 (RF) до 85% (VGG-16 + CNN), F1-score — от 66 (RF) до 83% (VGG-16 + CNN).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Подтверждена перспективность использования методов машинного обучения для дистанционного мониторинга состояния хирургических ран у пациентов травматолого-ортопедического профиля. Разработанные модели могут быть использованы для создания мультимодальной системы оценки и мониторинга раневой инфекции после хирургических вмешательств.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证：手术部位感染是常见的术后并发症，通常在患者出院后发生。及时诊断和选择最佳治疗策略是确保手术部位感染治疗临床成功和经济有效性的关键。计算机视觉和人工智能方法在慢性伤口分析方面已展现有效性，但其在术后伤口评估中的应用研究仍不足。</p> <p>目的：比较不同机器学习模型在分类创伤骨科患者手术部位感染图像任务中的表现。</p> <p>方法：研究纳入了年龄≥18岁、在两个临床中心接受手术治疗的患者，包括关节置换术、金属骨合成术、脊柱减压稳定手术及其他干预措施，或因上述手术后发生手术部位感染需治疗的患者。使用以下机器学习方法构建的模型进行感染识别：支持向量机（SVM）、逻辑回归（LR）、随机森林（RF）、基于VGG-16架构的卷积神经网络（VGG-16+CNN）以及带注意力机制的YOLO 11s-cls模型。</p> <p>结果：主要组包括183例手术部位感染患者，对照组为115例无感染患者。研究包含298名患者的512张手术伤口图像（其中292张存在手术部位感染，220张无感染）。数据增强后训练集包含约2500张图像。YOLO 11s-cls模型在测试集上取得最佳指标：敏感性、准确率和F1分数分别为91.2%、91%和89%，但与VGG-16+CNN神经网络在敏感性、特异性和准确率方面的差异无统计学意义。其他模型的敏感性在69.6%（RF）至87%（VGG-16+CNN）之间，准确率在68%（RF）至85%（VGG-16+CNN）之间，F1分数在66%（RF）至83%（VGG-16+CNN）之间。</p> <p>结论：证实了使用机器学习方法对创伤骨科患者手术伤口状态进行远程监测的可行性。开发的模型可用于创建评估和监测术后伤口感染的多模态系统。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>image recognition</kwd><kwd>surgical site infection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>распознавание изображений</kwd><kwd>инфекция области хирургического вмешательства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>人工智能</kwd><kwd>机器学习</kwd><kwd>图像识别</kwd><kwd>手术部位感染</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-14-00310</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 24-14-00310).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено с использованием денежных средств гранта Российского научного фонда (грант РНФ № 24-14-00310).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 24-14-00310).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gillespie BM, Harbeck E, Rattray M, et al. 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