Digital DiagnosticsDigital DiagnosticsDigital DiagnosticsDigital Diagnostics2712-84902712-8962Eco-Vector7651110.17816/DD76511Original Study ArticlesОригинальные исследования原创性科研成果Research ArticleDoppler twinkling artifact observations: an open-access database of raw ultrasonic signalsНаблюдения доплеровского мерцающего артефакта: база данных радиочастотных ультразвуковых сигналов多普勒观测闪烁神器：射频超声信号数据库https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-655256781375200P-5266-20175510-4075LeonovDenis V.ЛеоновДенис ВладимировичLeonovDenis V.
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Tech)

кандидат технических наук

Cand. Sci. (Tech)

strat89@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-02548592-0558ReshetnikovRoman V.РешетниковРоман ВладимировичReshetnikovRoman V.
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)

кандидат физико-математических наук

Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)

reshetnikov@fbb.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-71572135-9543KulbergNikolay S.КульбергНиколай СергеевичKulbergNikolay S.
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)

кандидат физико-математических наук

Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)

kulberg@npcmr.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-77312482-3372NasibullinaAnastasia A.НасибуллинаАнастасия АлександровнаNasibullinaAnastasia A.
Russian Federation

Student

Студентка

Student

nastya.nasibullina@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9014-90226842-8684GromovAlexandr I.ГромовАлександр ИгоревичGromovAlexandr I.
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

доктор медицинских наук, профессор

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

gromov.ai@medsigroup.ruMoscow Center for Diagnostics and TelemedicineНаучно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения г. МосквыMoscow Center for Diagnostics and TelemedicineNational Research University Moscow Power Engineering InstituteНациональный исследовательский университет МЭИNational Research University Moscow Power Engineering InstituteThe First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Federal Research Center Computer Science and Control of the Russian Academy of SciencesФедеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наукFederal Research Center Computer Science and Control of the Russian Academy of SciencesA.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and DentistryМосковский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. ЕвдокимоваA.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry2709202115102021232612762407202124082021Copyright ©; 2021, Leonov D.V., Reshetnikov R.V., Kulberg N.S., Nasibullina A.A., Gromov A.I.Copyright ©; 2021, Леонов Д.В., Решетников Р.В., Кульберг Н.С., Насибуллина А.А., Громов А.И.Copyright ©; 2021, Leonov D.V., Reshetnikov R.V., Kulberg N.S., Nasibullina A.A., Gromov A.I.2021Leonov D.V., Reshetnikov R.V., Kulberg N.S., Nasibullina A.A., Gromov A.I.Леонов Д.В., Решетников Р.В., Кульберг Н.С., Насибуллина А.А., Громов А.И.Leonov D.V., Reshetnikov R.V., Kulberg N.S., Nasibullina A.A., Gromov A.I.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/76511

BACKGROUND: Doppler twinkling artifact is a rapid change of colors seen in CFI-mode in the presence of kidney stones and calculi. Therefore, numerous researchers use the twinkling artifact as a diagnostic sign. However, this phenomenon is under-researched, because most assumptions concerning its causes are made based on pure visual observations of the scanner’s screen leaving the important steps of signal transformation hidden behind the “black box” curtains of ultrasound machines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Raw radiofrequency ultrasound signals were recorded in the phantom studies. The recorded echoes were received from objects that create the Doppler twinkling artifact and artificial blood vessels and soft tissues imitators. The data were collected between June 2016 and March 2021. Sonomed-500 with the 7.5 L38 and 3.4 C60 probes served as the research machine for the signal capture.

Data records: We present the database containing raw radiofrequency ultrasound signals from the beam former output of the research ultrasound machine. The dataset consists of CFI and B-mode echoes recorded from twinkling objects. Therefore, this database can be useful for those who test, develop and study ultrasound signal processing algorithms. Furthermore, the database is freely available online. The 10.5 GB database consists of echoes received from five phantoms. Raw radiofrequency signals were stored in the binary files; scanning parameters were stored in text files. The database is available at: https://mosmed.ai/datasets/ultrasound_doppler_twinkling_artifact.

Code availability: The public can visualize the database content with the specially written program TwinklingDatasetDisplay available at: https://github.com/Center-of-Diagnostics-and-Telemedicine/TwinklingDatasetDisplay.git.

Usage notes: The database can be used to test and develop signal-processing algorithms, such as wall filtration, velocity estimation, feature extraction, speckle reduction, etc. Furthermore, the public is free to share (copy, distribute, and transmit) and remix (adapt and do derivative works) the dataset considering appropriate credit is given.

Обоснование. Мерцающий артефакт в доплеровских режимах ультразвукового исследования проявляется быстрой хаотической сменой окрашенных пикселей на экране прибора. Явление, которое можно использовать в качестве полезного диагностического признака, исследовано недостаточно. Большинство предположений о причинах артефакта сделаны на основании изображений с экрана ультразвукового прибора без глубокого изучения свойств принимаемых сигналов.

Материалы и методы. Радиочастотные ультразвуковые сигналы были записаны при исследовании фантомов. Исследовались как объекты, приводящие к появлению мерцающего артефакта на экране прибора, так и имитации сосудов и мягких тканей. Сбор данных проводился с июля 2016 по март 2021 г. Данные получены при помощи исследовательского ультразвукового прибора «Сономед-500» с датчиками 7,5 L38 и 3,4 C60.

Содержимое базы данных. Представлена база данных, содержащая радиочастотные сигналы, полученные с выхода формирователя луча из приёмного тракта ультразвукового медицинского диагностического прибора в режиме цветового доплеровского картирования и В-режиме. Представленные в базе данных сигналы содержат признаки мерцающего артефакта. База состоит из исследований пяти различных фантомов общим объёмом 10,5 ГБ. Радиочастотные данные сохранены в бинарном виде. Настройки сканирования, необходимые для анализа радиочастотных данных, содержатся в текстовых файлах. Каждое исследование сопровождается примером характерной сонограммы в графическом формате. База данных доступна по адресу: https://mosmed.ai/datasets/ultrasound_doppler_twinkling_artifact.

Доступность кода. Для просмотра и анализа базы данных к архиву прилагаем разработанную нами программу TwinklingDatasetDisplay. Доступен исходный код программы: https://github.com/Center-of-Diagnostics-and-Telemedicine/TwinklingDatasetDisplay.git.

Условия использования. База данных может быть использована для разработки и тестирования алгоритмов обработки ультразвуковых сигналов. Доступ к базе данных и коду для её просмотра открыт для всех желающих.

论证。通过仪器筛网上涂漆像素的快速混乱变化，表现出多普勒模式中的闪烁伪影。 不能足够地研究可用作有用的诊断特征的现象。 关于工件的原因的大多数假设是基于来自超声波装置屏幕的图像而没有深入研究接收信号的性质的深度研究。

材料与方法射频超声信号记录在幽灵的研究中。 这些物体导致器件屏幕上的闪烁伪像以及血管和软组织的模仿。 从2016年7月到3月2021年进行数据收集使用Sonad-500研究超声仪器获得数据，具有7,5 L38和3,4 C60传感器。

内容数据库 提供了一个包含射频信号的数据库，彩色多普勒成像模式下超声医学诊断仪接收通路波束形成器输出的结果和B-式。数据库中呈现的信号包含闪烁的伪影的符号。 基础包括研究五种不同幽灵的研究，总体积为10.5 GB。 射频数据以二进制形式存储。 分析射频数据所需的扫描设置包含在文本文件中。 每项研究伴随着以图形格式的特征超声图的示例。 数据库可在以下网址查阅：Https://mosmed.ai/datasets/ultrasound_doppler_twinkling_artifact.

代码可用性。为了查看和分析数据库，请将我们开发的TwinklingDataSetDisplay软件添加到存档中。程序源代码可用：https://github.com/Center-of-Diagnostics-and-Telemedicine/TwinklingDatasetDisplay.git.

使用条款。数据库可用于开发和测试用于处理超声信号的算法。 访问数据库和用于查看它的代码为每个人都打开。

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