Hygiene standards of chemical elements of drinking water

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Abstract

Introduction. Drinking water that is good for human body must contain seven vital ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, HCO3–, SO42+) and eight essential organotropic (obligate) chemical elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Co, F, I) in concentrations matching ranges of permissible hygiene standards (PHS). PHS is lacking for K+, a major intracellular cation and for other chemical elements of drinking water.

Aim. To substantiate PHS for potassium in drinking water and propose PHS values for all ions and chemical elements based on obtained methodical patterns.

Materials and methods. Four groups of Wistar rats on standard feeding and drinking regimens based on drinking reflex, were receiving drinking water with the following concentration of ions (mg/dm3): K+ 1.0; Na+ 6.6–8.1; Ca2+ 20.0–23.0; Mg2+ 6.4–8.0; HCO3– 36.9; chlorides 3.1; sulfates 36.0. The control group has continued to take original water, while for other groups (of 10 rats) concentrations of K+ were the following: 0.02; 5.0; 50.0 mg/dm3. Dosage dependence of chronic exposure (9 months) to K+ ions of drinking water on the organism has been studied. Atomic absorption spectrometry and methods of estimation of metabolites in biological substrates were used. Experiment complied with international regulations.

Results. K+ PHS of 1.0–25.0 mg/dm3 was determined. A method for justification of PHS of vital and bio-essential chemical elements in drinking water was developed. Chronic exposure to aforementioned elements was demonstrated to retain the threshold nature of the effect. However, there exist two thresholds: transition from homeostasis to excess and to deficiency. Essential vital and organotropic elements do not possess inactive concentrations, that do not act on organism: below and above PHS they, as illustrated by K+, can negatively affect reflexes of the organism and cause undue stresses in regulatory homeostatic systems.

Limitations. The methodological approach to the justification of hygienic standards applies only to chemical elements that are integral components of useful physiologically complete drinking water with centralized water supply to the population. This is a distinguishing feature from the development of MPC of harmful substances in the water of drinking sources.

Conclusion. A system of hygienic differentiations of chemical elements in drinking water and a method of justification of their PHS has been developed.

Compliance with ethical standards. The experiment complied with the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 276, GOST 52379–2005, the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates (ETS No. 123), Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Hygiene of Rospotrebnadzor.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: October 4, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

About the authors

Evgeny M. Trofimovich

Novosibirsk Research Institute of Hygiene

Author for correspondence.
Email: trofimovich_em@niig.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2086-6357

MD, PhD., DSci., Chief Scientist. scientific consultant of the Department of hygiene research with the laboratory of physical factors of the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Hygiene, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russian Federation.

e-mail: trofimovich_em@niig.su 

Russian Federation

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